encoding and transfer of information, Essays (university) of Cognitive Psychology

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ENCODING AND TRANSFER OF INFORMATION- FORMS

OF ENCODING

Ayşe Ece TEZCAN- PSY 231-1 COGNİTİVE PSYCHOLOGY,SPRING 2020 INTERMEDIATE EXAMINATION 13.05.

Memory is an information processing system; therefore, we often compare it to a computer. Memory is the set of processes used to

encode, store, and retrieve information over different periods of time.

■ (^) Our memory has three basic functions: encoding, storing, and retrieving information. ■ (^) Encoding is the act of getting information into our memory system through automatic or effortful processing. ■ (^) Storage is retention of the information. ■ (^) Retrieval is the act of getting information out of storage and into conscious awareness through recall, recognition, and relearning.

■ Encoding is achieved using chemicals and electric impulses within the brain. Neural pathways, or connections between neurons (brain cells), are actually formed or strengthened through a process called long- term potentiation, which alters the flow of information within the brain. In other words, as a person experiences novel events or sensations, the brain “rewires” itself in order to store those new experiences in memory.

Encoding: Levels of processing – The more

deeply we encode information the better

we are able to recall it.

Encolding Consildation Storage Retrieval

EFFORTFUL PROCESSING

■ (^) When you first learn new skills such as driving a car, you have to put forth effort and attention to encode information about how to start a car, how to brake, how to handle a turn, and so on. Once you know how to drive, you can encode additional information about this skill automatically.

REHEARSAL

■ (^) Effortful learning usually requires rehearsal or conscious repetition. ■ Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables: TUV YOF GEK XOZ

ENCODING EFFECTS

■ (^) 1- SPACING EFFECT : We retain information better when we rehearse over time. ■ (^) 2- SERIAL POSITION EFFECT : When your recall is better for first and last items on a list, but poor for middle items.

THERE ARE 3 TYPES OF ENCODING :

■ (^) Semantic encoding ■ Acoustic encoding ■ (^) Visual encoding

ACOUSTIC ENCODING

■ (^) Acoustic encoding is the use of auditory stimuli or hearing to implant memories. This is aided by what is known as the phonological loop. The phonological loop is a process by which sounds are sub-vocally rehearsed (or “said in your mind over and over”) in order to be remembered.

VISUAL ENCODING

■ Visual encoding is the process of encoding images and visual sensory information. The creation of mental pictures is one way people use visual encoding. This type of information is temporarily stored in iconic memory, and then is moved to long-term memory for storage. The amygdala plays a large role in the visual encoding of memories. Mental pictures are powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding

Organizing Information For

Encoding

■ (^) Break down complex information into broad concepts and further subdivide them into categories and subcategories. ■ 1- HIERARCHIES ■ (^) 2- CHUNKING

HIERARCHY

■ (^) Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcatogaries Example:

• Chunking
• Chunking

Encoding summarized in a

hierarchy