MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
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Module
2
BASIC ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
BASIC ELECTR
ONICS
ENGR. GIAN ANGELO D. GARDUCE
Department
of Electrical Engineering
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Basic Electronic Components: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners, Cheat Sheet of Engineering
This module provides a comprehensive introduction to basic electronic components, covering their functions, applications, and key characteristics. It explores essential components like diodes, leds, resistors, switches, capacitors, transistors, inductors, integrated circuits, and batteries. The module is designed for beginners in electronics, offering clear explanations and practical examples to enhance understanding.
Typology: Cheat Sheet
2023/2024
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MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
Module 2
BASIC ELECTRONIC
COMPONENTS
BASIC ELECTRONICS
ENGR. GIAN ANGELO D. GARDUCE
Department of Electrical Engineering
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Module 2: Basic Electronic Components
- Diode A diode is a two-terminal electronic component that conducts current primarily in one direction. It acts as a one-way switch for current that allows current to flow easily in one direction, but severely restricts current from flowing in the opposite direction.
- Light-Emitting Diode (LED) A Light Emitting Diode – or LED for short – is a small component that lights up when current flows through it. Sometimes you use it for simple tasks like indicating that your circuit has power, that the circuit is working or that the circuit has failed.
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
- Switches The switch is a component that connects one pin to another. For current to flow through a circuit, there needs to be a path from the plus of the battery to the minus of the battery. If you build a simple circuit with an LED and a resistor and connect this to a battery, your LED will light up. If you disconnect the plus of the battery from the circuit, the LED turns off. The switch is nothing more than a way to connect and disconnect two or more things. - Capacitors You can think of a capacitor as a battery with very low capacity. You can charge and discharge it, just like a battery.
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS The capacitor is often used to introduce a time-delay in a circuit. For example, to blink a light but it’s also useful for removing noise in an audio signal, or make the power supply of a circuit more stable. Capacitors come as polarized and non-polarized capacitors. The biggest difference is that with the polarized capacitor, you have a positive and a negative pin and you need to make sure to connect them correctly. You can connect non-polarized capacitors any way you want.
- Transistors A transistor is like a switch that is controlled by an electrical signal.
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS An inductor is just a coil of wire. If you take a wire and wind, it up into a coil, you have created an inductor. When you apply a current through the coil, a magnetic field is created around it, and this field stores energy. When the current through the inductor stays the same, the inductor does nothing. It just lets the current pass through, just like it was a normal wire. But when the current through the inductor changes, the built-up energy in the magnetic field will resist this change by changing the resistance of the inductor. Resistance to change is a good thing for example to create a filter to reduce noise. If the wire is wound around a magnetic core (for example iron), the magnetic field becomes much stronger. A transformer is a component made up of two inductors wound around the same magnetic core.
- Integrated Circuit An integrated circuit is any kind of circuit that is integrated onto a chip. It can be a radio transmitter, a microcontroller, an audio amplifier or any other circuit you can think of. By making a circuit on a small chip, it’s much easier to make advanced projects. Let’s say you want to make a tracking device for your car. You can find a GPS chip for positioning, a GSM chip to send text messages, and a microcontroller chip to control everything. To figure out exactly what a specific IC does, you need to check its datasheet. The datasheet is a document that comes with every IC.
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS The 555 timer is a very useful and popular Integrated Circuit. You can use it to blink a light, to create sound, to create a clock signal, add a countdown timer and a lot of other things.
- Battery A battery is a device consisting of one or more electrochemical cells with external connections provided to power electrical devices such as flashlights, mobile phones, and electric cars. When a battery is supplying electric power, its positive terminal is the cathode and its negative terminal is the anode. DIFFERENT TYPES OF BATTERY Primary Batteries - a primary cell is a battery (a galvanic cell) that is designed to be used once and discarded, and not recharged with electricity and reused like a secondary cell (rechargeable battery). In general, the electrochemical reaction occurring in the cell is not reversible, rendering the cell unrechargeable.
MODULE 2: BASIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS Lithium-ion Batteries- Lithium-ion batteries (LIB) are a family of rechargeable batteries having high energy density and commonly used in consumer electronics. Unlike the disposable lithium primary battery, a LIB uses intercalated lithium compound instead of metallic lithium as its electrode. Lead-Acid Batteries- Lead-acid batteries are composed of a Lead-dioxide cathode, a sponge metallic Lead anode and a Sulphuric acid solution electrolyte. This heavy metal element makes them toxic and improper disposal can be hazardous to the environment. The cell voltage is 2 Volts.