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ACE angiotensin-converting enzyme ACS acute coronary syndrome ADH antidiuretic hormone ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ADLs activities of daily living ADP adenosine 5’ diphosphase AEDs antiepileptic drugs AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome ALP alkaline phosphatase ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALT alanine transaminase ANA antinuclear antibody ANC absolute neutrophil count ARB angiotensin receptor blocker ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome AST aspartate transaminase AUC area under the curve AV atrioventricular BCRP breast cancer resistance protein b.i.d. twice daily BMI body mass index BP blood pressure BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy BSA body surface area BUN blood urea nitrogen CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAD coronary artery disease cAMP cyclic 3’,5’ adenosine monophosphate CBC complete blood count CDAD Clostridioides difficile - associated diarrhea CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CHF Congestive heart failure CK Creatine kinase CMV Cytomegalovirus CNS Central nervous system COPD Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease CrCl Creatinine clearance CSF Cerebrospinal fluid CT Computed tomography CTCAE Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events CV Cardiovascular CVAD Central venous access device D5W Dextrose 5% in water DEHP di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation dL deciliter DMARD disease-modifying antirheumatic drug DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DPP-4 dipeptidyl peptidase- DRESS drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic DVT Deep Vein Thrombosis ECG Electrocardiogram EEG electroencephalogram EENT eyes, ear, nose, throat eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate ESRD end-stage renal disease ET endotracheal FDA Food and Drug Administration FSH follicle-stimulating hormone 5-FU fluorouracil G gauge G gram G6PD glucose-6-phosphate GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease GFR glomerular filtration rate GGT gamma-glutamyltransferase GI gastrointestinal GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone GU genitourinary GVHD graft-versus-host disease H 1 histamine 1 H 2 histamine 2 Hb hemoglobin HBsAg hepatitis B virus surface antigen HBV hepatitis B HCV hepatitis C HDL high-density lipoprotein HER2 human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 HF heart failure HIV human-immunodeficiency virus HMG-CoA 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A HPA hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal HR heart rate HTN hypertension IBS irritable bowel syndrome ICP intracranial pressure ICU intensive care unit ID intradermal Ig immunoglobulin ILD interstitial lung disease IM intramuscular INR International Normalized Ratio IOP intraocular pressure IPPB intermittent positive-pressure breathing ITP idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura IV intraveneous Kg kilogram L liter LABA long-acting beta-agonist Lb pound LDH lactate dehydrogenase LDL low-density lipoprotein LFTs liver function tests LH luteinizing hormone LVEF left vntricular ejection M molar m^2 square meter MAC Mycobacterium avium complex MAO monoamine oxidase Mcg microgram mEq milliequivalent Mg milligram MI myocardial infarction min minute mL millimeter mm^3 cubic millimeter Mo month MRI magnetic resonance imaging MRSA methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MS multiple sclerosis Msec millisecond MUGA multigated acquisition scan NG nasogastric NMS neuroleptic malignant syndrome NNRTI non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NRTI nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug NSCLC non-small-cell lung cancer NSS normal (0.9%) saline solution NYHA New York Heart Association OCD obsessive-compulsive disorder ODT orally disintegrating tablet OTC over-the-counter Oz ounce PABA para-aminobenzoic acid
PAH pulmonary arterial hypertension PCA patient-controlled analgesia PCI percutaneous coronary intervention PDE5 phosphodiesterasetype 5 PE pulmonary embolus P-Gp P-glycoprotein PML progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy PO by mouth PPI proton pump inhibitor PR by rectum PRN as needed PSA prostate-specific antigen PT prothrombin time PTCA percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty PTSD posttraumatic stress disorder PTT partial thromboplastin time PVC premature ventricular contraction q.i.d four times daily RA rheumatoid arthritid RAAS renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system RBC red blood cell RDA recommended daily allowance REM rapid eye movement REMS risk evaluation and mitigation strategy RNA ribonucleic acid RSV respiratory syncytial virus SA sinoatrial sec second SIADH syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone SJS Stevens-Johnson syndrome SL sublingual SLE systemic lupus erthematosus SSNRI selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor Subcut subcutaneous T 3 triiodothyronine T 4 thyroxine TB tuberculosis TCA tricyclic antidepressant TIA transient ischemic attack t.i.d three times daily TLS tumor lysis syndrome TNF tumor necrosis factor TPN total parenteral nutrition TSH thyroid-stimulating hormone tsp. teaspoon ULN upper limit of normal URI Upper Respiratory Infection USP Unite State Pharmacopeia UTI urinary Tract Infection UV ultraviolet VLDL very low density lipoprotein WBC White blood cell WHO World Health Organization wk week
Septicemia Postoperative, pulmonary, intra-abdominal and urinary tract infections Soft tissue, bone, and joint infection TB Action They bind directly and irreversible to 30S ribosomal sub units, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis Adverse Reaction Ototoxicity Nephrotoxicity Neuromuscular blokade diarrhea nausea vomiting Vein irritation phlebitis Sterile abscess Contraindication Hypersensitivity to the drugs Use cautiously in patients with neuromuscular disorders and in those taking neuromuscular blockers Use at lower dosage in patients with renal impairment Use cautiously in pregnancy and breastfeeding
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
Benazepril hydrochloride Captopril Enalaprilat Enatapril maleate Fosinopril sodium Lisinopril Moexipril hydrochloride Perindopril erbumine Quinapril hydrochloride Ramipril Trandolapril Indication HTN HF Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) MI Diabetic nephropathy Action Prevent conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II Adverse Reaction Dry cough Dysgeusia Fatigue Headache Hyperkalemia Hypotension Proteinuria Rash Tachycardia Angioedema (rare but serious) Contraindication Hypersensitivity to the drugs Can cause serious anaphylactoid reactions Use cautiously in patients with impaired renal functions or serious autoimmune disease and those taking other drugs known to decrease WBC count or immune response Pregnancy and lactating
Antacids
Aluminum hydroxide Calcium carbonate Magnesium hydroxide Magnesim oxide Sodium bicarbonate Indication Gastric hyperacidity Hyperphosphatemia (aluminum hydroxide) Hypomagnesemia (magnesium oxide) Post-menopausal hypocalcemia (calcium carbonate) Action Reduce total acid loan in the GI tract and elevate gastric pH to reduce pepsin activity Strengthen the gastric mucous barrier and increase esophageal sphincter Adverse Reaction Antacid containing aluminum Aluminum intoxication Constipation Hypophosphatemia Intestinal obstruction Osteomalacia Antacid containing magnesium Diarrhea Hypermagnesemia Calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide and sodium bicarbonate Constipation Milk-alkali syndrome Rebound hyperacidity Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Use calcium carbonate and magnesium oxide cautiously in patients with severe renal disease Use sodium bicarbonate cautiously in patients with HTN, renal disease, edema, those using diuretics
Antianginals
Ranolazine Beta blockers Atenolol Bisoprolol fumarate Metoprolol Nadolol Propraolol hydrochloride Calcium channel blockers Amlodipine besylate Diltiazem hydrochloride Nicardipine hydrochloride Nefedipine Verapamil hydrochloride Nitrates Isosorbide Nitroglycerin Indication Moderate to severe angina Action Ranazolazines Unknown Beta blockers Decrease catecholamine-induced increases in HR, BP, and myocardial contractility Calcium channel blockers
Inhibit the flow of calcium through muscle cellss, which dilates coronary arteries and decrease systemic vascular resistance Nitrates Relax vascular smooth muscle, causing decrease afterload and left ventricular end- diastolic pressure or preload Increases blood flow through collateral coronary vessels Adverse reaction Ranolazine QT-interval prolongation Dizziness Constipation Nausea Betablockers Bradycardia Cough Diarrhea Disturbing dreams Dizziness Dyspnea Fatigue Fever HF Hypotension Lethargy Nausea Peripheral edema Pruritus Rash Depression Shortness of breath Wheezing Calcium blocker Bradycardia Heart block Confusion Constipation Depression Diarrhea Dizziness Dyspepsia Edema Elevated liver enzyme levels (transient) Fatigue Flushing Headache Hypotension Insomnia Nervousness Rash Nitrates Flushing Headache Orthostatics hypotension Reflex tachycardia Rash Syncope Vomiting
Antiarrhythmia
Adenosine Class IA Disopyramide phosphate Procainamid hydrochloride Quinidine Class IB Lidocaine hydrochloride Mexiletine hydrochloride Class IC Flecainide acetate Propafenone hydrochloride Class II (beta blockers) Esolol hydrochloride Propranolol hydrochloride Sotalol hydrochloride Class III Amiodarone hydrochloride Dofetilide Dronedarone Ibutilide fumarate Sotalol hydrochloride Class IV (calcium channel blocker) Diltiazem hydrochloride Verapamil hydrochloride Indication Atrial and ventricular arrhythmia Action Class I drugs Reduce inward current carried by sodium ions, which stabilized neuronal cardiac membranes Class IA drugs Depress phase ), prolong the action potential, and stabilize cardiac membranes Class IB drugs Depress phase 0, shorten action potential, and stabilize cardiac membranes Class IC drugs Blocks the transport of sodium ions, which decreases conduction velocity but not repolarization rate Class II drugs Decreases HR, myocardial contractility, BP, and AV node conduction Class III drugs Prolong the repolarization Class IV drugs Decrease myocardial contractility and oxygen demand by inhibiting calcium ion influx Dilate coronary arteries and arterioles Adverse Reaction Dizziness Fatigue Nausea Vomiting Altered bowel elimination Hypersensitivity problems Hypotension Worsen HF Class II Bronchoconstriction Amiodarone Hepatic injury Pulmonary toxicity Thyroid abnormalities Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and components Cardiogenic shock Digitalis toxicity 2 nd^ and 3rd^ degree heart block Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Adverse Reaction Bleeding Heparin derivatives Thrombocytopenia Increase liver enzymes Thrombin inhibitors Back pain Bradycardia Hypotension Warfarin Agranulocytosis Alopecia Anorexia Dermatitis Fever Nausea Tissue necrosis or gangrene Urticaria Vomiting Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Aneurysm Active bleeding CV hemorrhage Hemorrhagic blood dyscrasias Hemophilia Severe HTN Pericardial effusions or pericarditis Undergoing major surgery Severe diabetes Renal impairment Severe trauma Ulcerations Vasculitis
Anticonvulsants
Brivacetam Carbamazepine Clobazam Clonazepam Diazepam Eslicarbazepine acetate Felbamate Fosphenytoin sodium Gabapentin Lacosamide Lamotriginr Leveetiracetam Magesium sulfate Oxcarbazepine Phenytoin sodium Primidone Rufinamide Tiagabine hydrochloride Topiramate Valproate sodium Valproic acid Vigabatrin Zonisamide Indications Seizure disorders Actions Inhibit the spread of seizure activity in the motor cortex Adverse Reaction Ataxia Confusion Somnolence Tremor Arrthymia Hypotension Vomiting Agranulocytosis Bone marrow depression Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia SJS Severe rashes Abnormal LFT Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to drugs and components Carbamazepine is contraindicated within 14 days of MAO inhibitor use Blood dyscarsias
Antidepressants tricyclic
Amitriptyline hydrochloride Amoxapine Clomipramiine hydrochloride Desipramine hydrochloride Doxepin hydrochloride Imipramine Nortriptyline hydrochloride Protriptyline hydrochloride Trimipramine Indication Depression Anxiety(doxepin) OCD (clomipramine) Enuresis in children older than 6 (imipramine) Neropathic pain Actions unknown TCA may inhibit reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in CNS nerve terminals, thus enhancing the concentration activity of the neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft Adverse Reaction Orthostatic hypotensiom Sedation wave abnormalities Conduction disturbance Arrhythmia Contraindication and Caution Increase the risk of suicidal thinking and behavior Hypersensitivity the drugs and its components Urine retention Angle-closure glaucoma 2 weeks of MAO inhibitor therapy Suicidal tendencies Schizo[hrenia Paranoia Seizure disorders CV disease Impaired hepatic function Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Antidiabetics (type 2)
Acarbose Albiglutide Alogliptin benzoate Bromocriptine mesylate Canagliflozin Dapagliflozin
Propanediol Dulaglutide Empagliflozin Exenatide Glimepiride Glpizide Glyburide Linagliptin Liraglutide Lixisenatide Miglitol Nateglinide Pioglitazon hydrochloride Pramlintide acetate Rosiglitazone maleate Saxagliptin hydrochloride Semaglutide Sitagliptin phosphate Indication Use to control type 2 diabetes Action Sulfonylureas They lower glucose levels by stimulating insulin release from the pancreas Meglitinides, such as nateglinide and repaglinide Nonsulfonylurea antidiabetics that stimulate the release of insulin from the pancreas Metformin Decreases hepatic glucose production, reduces intestinal glucose absorption and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (acarbose and miglitol) Delay digestion of carbohydrates, resulting in a smaller rise in glucose levels. Pramlintide Amylin analogue, slows the rate at which food leaves the stomach, decreasing postprandial increase in glucose level, and reduces appetite Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone Thiazolidinediones, lower glucose levels by improving insulin sensitivity Adverse Reaction Sullfonylureas Anorexia Headache Heartburn Nausea Paresthesia Vomiting Weakness Metformin Lactic acidosis Dermatitis GI upset Megaloblastic anemia Rash Unpleasant or metallic taste Thiazolidinediones Fluid retention Exacerbating HF Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors Hypotension Abnormal renal function Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis Increase risk of UTI DPP-4 inhibitor GI reaction Euglycemic diabetic ketoacidosis Antibody formation Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to drugs and its component History of allergic reaction Diabetic ketoacidosis Pregnancy and breastfeeding Metformin Metabolic acidosis Renal or hepatic disease Adrenal or pituitary insufficiency Malnourish Sulfonylureas Atherosclerotic CV disease Renal or hepatic disease Thiazolidinediones Edema HF Liver disease DPP-4 inhibitor Increase the risk of pancreatitis Family history of medullary thyroid cancer Multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome type 2
Antidiarrheal
Bismuth subsalicylate Diphenoxylate hydrochloride - atropine sulfate Loperamide Octreotide actate Indication Mild, acute or chronic diarrhea Certain cancer that cause diarrhea (octreotide acetate) Action Bismuth May have a mild water-binding capacity, may absorb toxins, and provide a protective coating for the intestinal mucosa. Diphenoxylate and loperamide Slow GI motility and excessive GI propulsion Ocreotide Inhibit secretion of GI neurotransmitters and hormones to control diarrhea and has also been used in treatment of acromegaly and carcinoid syndrome Adverse Reaction Bismuth Salicylism Temporary darkening of tongue and stools Constipation Abdominal cramps Ocreotide Diarrhea Cholelithiasis Abdominal pain Flatulence Carcinoid syndrome Back pain Fatigue Headache Abdominal pain Nausea Dizziness Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components
Nausea Vomiting Abdominal pain Terbinafine Abdominal pain Jaundice Diarrhea Flatulence Nausea Anaphylaxis Headache Rash Vision disturbances Liver enzymes abnormalities Flucytosine Headache Diarrhea Abdominal pain Bone marrow depression Griseofulvin Confusion Rash Diarrhea Nausea Vomiting Decreased granulocyte count Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Use caution with concomitant use of caspofungin and cycloporine Before administering obtain careful history of HF
Antihistamine
Cetirizine hydrochloride Chlorpheniramine maleate Desloratadine Diphenhydramine hydrochloride Fexolenadine hydrochloride Levocetirizine dihydrochloride Loratadine Promethazine hydrochloride Indication Allergic rhinitis Urticaria Pruritus Vertigo Motion sickness Nausea Vomiting Sedation dyskinesia parkinsonism Action Structurally related chemicals with histamine H receptor sites on smooth muscle of bronchi, GI tract, and large blood vessels, binding to cellular receptors and preventing access to and subsequent activity of histamine Adverse Reaction 1 st^ generation Drowsiness Impaired motor function Blurred vision Constipation Dry mouth and throat Promethazine Cholestatic jaundice Photosensitivity Extrapyramidal symptoms Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity in the drugs and its component Angle-closure glaucoma Stenosing peptic ulcer Pyloroduodenal obstruction Bladder neck obstruction Pregnancy and breastfeeding Promethazine contraindicated taking MAO inhibitrs
Antihypertensives
ACE inhibitors Benazepril hydrochloride Captopril Enalaprilat Enalapril maleate Fosinopril sodium Lisinopril Moexipril hydrochloride Perindopril erbumine Quinapril hydrochloride Ramipril Trandolapril Angiotensin II recptor blockers Azilsartan kamedoxomil Candesartan cilexetil Eprosartan mesylate Irbesartan Losartan potassium Olmesartan medoxomil Telmisartan Valsartan Beta blocker Atenolol Bisoprolol fumarat Carvidelol Labetalol hydrochloride Metoprolol Nadolol Propranolol hydrochloride Calcium channel blockers Amlodipine besylate Diltiazem hydrochloride Felodipie Nicardipine hydrochloride Nifedipine Nisoldipine Verapamil hydrochloride Centrally acting alpha blockers (sympatholytics) Clonidine hydrochloride Guanfacine hydrochloride Methyldopa Direct renin inhibitor Aliskiren hemifumarate Peripherally acting alpha blockers Doxazosin mesylate Prazosin hydrochloride Terazosin hydrochloride Vasodilators Hydralazine hydrochloride Nitroglycerin Nitroprusside sodium Indication Essential and secondary HTN Action Stimulate central alpha-adrenergic receptors, reducing cerebral sympathetic out-flow, thereby decreasing peripheral vascular resistance and BP.
Vasodilators Act directly on smooth muscle to reduce BP Adverse Reaction Orthostatics changes in HR Headache Hypotension Nausea Vomiting Centrally acting sympatholytics Constipation Depression Dizziness Drowsiness Dry mouth Headache Palpitations Severe rebound HTN Sexual dysfunction Metyldopa Aplastic anemia Thrombocytopenia Vasodilators ECG changes Diarrhea Dizziness HF Palpitation Pruritus Rash Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its components Hepatic or renal dysfunction Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Antilipemics
Alirocumab Atorvastatin calcium Cholestyramine Colosevelam hydrochloride Colstipol Evolocumab Ezetimide Fenofibrate Fluvastatin sodium Gemfibrozil Lomitapide mesylate Lovastatin Mipomersen sodium Niacin Pitavastatin Pravastatin sodium Rosuvastatin calcium Simvastatin Indications Hyperlipidemia Hypercholesterolemia Action Lower elevated lipid levels Bile-sequestering drugs (cholestyramine, colesevelam) Lower LDL level by forming insoluble complexes with bile salts, triggering cholesterol leave the blood stream and other storage area to make new bile acids Fibric acid derivatives (gemfibrozil) Reduce cholesterol formation, increase sterol excretion, and decrease lipoprotein and triglyceride synthesis. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (atorvastatin, fluvastatin, lovastatin, pitavastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin) Interfere with the activity of enzymes that generate cholesterol in the liver Selective cholesterol absorption inhibitors (ezetimide, evolocumab) Inhibit cholesterol absorption by the small intestine, reducing hepatic cholesterol stores and increasing cholesterol clearance from the blood Adverse Reaction GI upset Bile-sequestering drugs Bloating Cholelithiasis Constipation Steatorrhea Fibric acid derivatives Cholelithiasis Gemfibrozil with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Rash Pruritus Increased CK levels Rhabdomyolysis Alirocumab Hypersensitivity Evolocumab Rash Hypersensitivity Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Bile-sequestering drugs Complete biliary obstruction Constipated Fibric acid derivatives Primary biliary cirrhosis Hepatic or renal dysfunction Peptic ulcer HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Active liver disease Elevated transaminase levels Consume large amounts of alcohol History of liver or renal disease Avoid using HMG-CoA inhibitors during pregnancy
Antimetabolite antineoplastics
Azacitidine Capecitabine Cytarabine Decitabine Fludarabine phosphate Fluorouracill Gemcitabine hydrochloride Mercaptopurine Methotrexate Pemetrexed Pralatrexate Trifluridine- tipiracil hydrochloride Indication Various tumors and hematologic conditions Actions Interrupt cell reproduction at a specific phase of the cell cycle Purine analogues Interfering with nucleic acid synthesis and replication They inhibit synthesis of purine bases through pseudofeedback mechanism
Tavhycardia Urinary hesitancy Urine retention Dopaminergics Arrhythmia Confusion Disturbing dreams Dystonia Hallucinations Headache Muscle cramps Nausea Orthostatic hypotension Vomiting Amantadine Irritability Insomnia Livedo reticularis Apomorphine Yawning Drowsiness Somnolence Dyskinesia Dizziness/orthostatic hypotension Rhinorrhea Nausea Vomiting Hallucination Confusion Edema Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its component Prostatic hyperplasia Tardive dyskinesia Pregnancy and breastfeeding Nonselective MAO inhibitors are contraindicated for use with levodopa-carbidopa Use caution with entacapone Selegiline is contraindicated for use with opioids
Antiplatelet
Abciximab Aspirin Cangrelor tetrasodium Cilostazol Clopidogrel bisulfate Dipyridamole Eptifibatide Prasugrel Ticagrelor Ticlodipine hydrochloride Tirofiban hydrochloride Vorapaxar sulfate Indication Reduction of thrombotic events by reducing platelet aggregation Prevention of cardiac ischemic complications Treatment of unstable angina ACS and PCI (eptifibatide) ACS (tirofiban) MI, recent stroke or PVD (clopidogrel, ticlopidine, vorapaxar) High risk TIA (ticagrelor) Action Clopidogrel, cangrelor, prasugrel, and ticagrelor Are inhibitors of platelet aggregation that inhibit the binding of ADP to its platelet receptor and the subsequent ADP-mediated activation of the GPIIb/IIIa complex Ticlopidine Inhibits the binding of fibrinogen to platelets Vorapaxar inhibits thrombin-induced and thrombin receptor agonist peptide-induced platelet aggregation Adverse Reaction Bleeding Thrombocytopenia Anaphylaxis Rash Stomach pain Nausea Headache Ticlopidine Neutropenia Elevated ALP Serum transaminase levels Prasugrel Atrial fibrillation Prasugrel and ticagrelor Dyspnea Cough hypotension Contraindication and Caution Can cause severe bleeding Hypersensitive to the drugs and its components Active bleeding Bleeding disorder Intracranial neoplasms AV malformation Aneurysm Cerebrovascular accident (within 2 years) Recent major surgery or trauma Severe uncontrolled HTN Thrombocytopenia Pregnancy and breastfeeding Avoid use of ticahrelor in patients with severe hepatic impairment
Antipsychotic
First generation (typical) Chlorpromazine hydrochloride Fluphenazine Haloperidol Loxapine Molindone hydrochloride Perphenazine Pimozide Prochlorperazine Thioridazine hydrochloride Thiothixene hydrochloride Trifluoperazine hydrochloride Second generation (atypical) Aripiprazole Aripiprazole lauroxil Asenapine maleate Brexpiprazole Cariprazine hydrochloride Clozapine Iloperidone Lurasidone hydrochloride Olanzapine Paliperidone Quetiapine fumarate Risperidone Ziprasidone Indication Schizophrenia (all pimozide) Schizoaffective disorder (paliperidone)
Psychosis, acute agitation, depression, or mania in bipolar I disorder, depression (chlorpromazine) Autism irritability (aripiprazole, risperidone) Child hyperactivity and severe behavioral problems (chlorpromazine, haloperidol) Acute intermittent porphyria (chlorpromazine) Nausea, vomiting (chlorpromazine, prochlorperazne) Hiccups (chlorpromazine) Tourette syndrome (haloperidol, pimozide) Action Block several neurotransmitters particularly dopamine Adverse Reaction 1 st^ generation Cardiac arrhythmia Cardiac arrest Hypotension Tachycardia Agitation Akathisia Seizures Dizziness Sedation Dystonia Headache Insomnia NMS Extapyramidal symptoms Tardive dyskinesia Photosensitivity Pruritus Anorexia Constipation Dry mouth Nausea Weight gain Amenorrhea Galactorrhea Gynecosmastia Impotence Urine retention Blurred vision Hyperthermia/hyperpyrexia 2 nd^ generation Akathisia Dizziness Drowsiness Extrapyramidal symptoms Headache Constipation Weight gain Hyperprolactinemia QT- interval prolongation Dyslipedemia Hyperglycemia Hyperthermia/ hyperpyrexia Contraindication Older adults with dementia related psychosis are at increase risk of death Increased risk of suicidal thinking and behavior taking antidepressants Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Depressed or agitated Patients taking lithium MI Ishemic heart disease HF or conduction abnormalities Cerebrovascular disease Risk of hypotension Dyslipidemia Diabetes mellitus Respiratory infection Blood dyscarsias History of seizure Parkinson diasease Renal impairment Pregnancy and breastfeeding (refer to the boxed warning)
Antirheumatic (disease- modifying)
Abatcept Adalimumab Certolizumab pegol Etanercept Golimumab Inflixmab Infliximab-abda Infliximab-axxq Infliximab-dyyb Infliximab-qbtx Leflunomide Tocilizumab Tofacinib citrate Indication RA Ankylosing spondylitis Crohn disease (infliximab) Psoriatic arthritis (infliximab) Plaque psoriasis (infliximab) Ulcerative colitis (infliximab) Giant cell arteries (tocilizumab) Polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis Systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis Cytokine release syndrome (tocilizumab) Moderate to severe hidradenitis suppurativa in patients age 12 and older Uveitis (adalimumab) Action Activated T lymphocytes are found in synovium of patients with RA JAK Transmit signals arising from cytokine or growth factor-receptor interactions on the cellular membrane to influence cellular processes of hematopoiesis and immune cell function Adverse Reaction Serious infection Rash Pruritus Hair loss Urticaria Nausea Vomiting Anorexia Flatulence Dyspepsia Anemia Leukopenia Thrombocytopenia Elevated liver enzymes Stomatitis HTN Headache Hematuria Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its components Receiving two antirheumatics with similar mechanism of action History of recurrent infection
Angina peectoris (atenolol, metoprolol, nadulol, propranolol) Arrhythmias (acebutolol, esmolol, propranolol, sotalol) Glaucoma (betaxolol, timolol) Prevention of MI (atenolol, metoprolol, propranolol) Prevention of recurrent migraine and other vascular headaches (propranolol) Pheochromocytomas or essential tremors HF (atenolol, carvidelol, metoprolol) Action Beta blockers compete with beta agonists for available beta receptors Block beta 1 Receptors in cardiac muscle Block beta 2 Receptors in bronchial and vascular smooth muscle Adverse Reaction Bradycardia Dizziness Fatigue Erectile dysfunction Depression Hallucinations Memory loss Nightmares Severe hypotension HF Bronchospasm Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its components Cardiogenic shock Sinus bradycardia Heart block greater than first degree Bronchial asthma Use cautiously in patients with nonallergic bronchospastic disorders, diabetes mellitus, impaired hepatic or renal function, and HF
Calcium Channel blockers
Amlodipine besylate Clevidipine butyrate Diltiazem hydrochloride Felodipine Isradipine Nicardipine hydrochloride Nifedipine Nimodipine Nisoldipine Verapamil hydrochloride Indication Prinzmetal variant angina Chronic stable angina Unstable angina HTN Arrhythmia Subarachnoid hemorrhage (nimodipine) Action Inhibit calcium influx across the slow channels of myocardial and vascular smooth muscle cells Prinzmetal variant angina Inhibit coronary spasms Verapamil and diltiazem Slows the ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation or flutter and converts supraventricular tachycardia to a normal sinus rhythm Adverse Reaction Hypotension Verapamil Bradycardia Hypotension Various degree of heart block Worsening of HF Nifedipine Flushing Headache Heartburn Hypotension Light-headedness Peripheral edema Diltiazem Headache Dizziness Dyspepsia Bradycardia HF Edema Various degree of heart block Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitive in the drugs and its components MI (nifedipine) 2 nd^ and 3rd^ degree heart block Cardiogenic shock HF (diltiazem and verapamil) Pregnancy and breastfeeding
Cephalosporins
First generation Cefadroxil Cefazolin sodium Cephalexin Second generation Cefaclor Cefoxitin sodium Cefprozil Cefuroxime (axetil; sodium) Third generation Cefdinir Cefditoren pivoxil Cefotaxime sodium Cefpodoxime proxetil Certazidime Ceftriaxone sodium Fourth generation Cefepime hydrochloride Fifth generation Ceftaroline fosamil Indication Infections of the lungs, skin, soft tissue, bones, joints, urinary and respiratory tracts, blood,abdomen and heart Action They act by inhibiting bacterial cell wall synthesis, causing rapid cell destruction Adverse Reactions Mil rashes Fever Eosinophilia Fatal anaphylaxis Abdominal pain Diarrhea Dyspepsia
Glossitis Nausea Tenesmus Vomiting Thrombocytopenia Thrombocythemia Transient neutropenia Reversible leukopenia Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitive to cephalosporins and related antibiotics Renal or hepatic impairment History of GI disease Allergy to penicillin Pregnancy and breastfeeding Ceftriaxone Neonates
CNS Stimulants
Armodafinil Dexmethylphenidate hydrochloride Dextroamphetamine sulfate Doxapram hydrochloride Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Methylphenidate hydrochloride Modafinil Phntermine hydrochloride Indication Stimulation or respiration in patient with drug-induced postansthesia respiratory depression Obstructive sleep apnea(armodafinil, modafinil) Narcolepsy (armodafinil, dextroamphetamine, methylphenidate, modafinil) Shift-work sleep disorder (armodafinil, modafinil) Obesity (phentermine) Binge eating disorder (lisdexamfetamine) ADHD (dextroamphetamine, lisdexamfetamine, dexmethylphenidate, methylphenidate) Action Produces respiratory stimulation through the peripheral carotid chemoreceptors. Adverse Reaction HTN Palpitation Tachyarrythmias Urticaria Constipation Decreased appetite Diarrhea Dizziness Excitement Insomnia Tremor Restlessness Armodafinil and modafinil Severe rash SJS Hypersensitivity Angioedema Anaphylaxis Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its components Psychiatril illness Doxapram Epilepsy Seizure disorder Mechanical disorder of ventilation Flail chest Pneumothorax Asthma Pulmonary fibrosis Head injury Stroke Cerebral edema Uncompensated HF Severe coronary disease Severe HTN Patient using MAO inhibitors Phentermine CV disease History of abuse Severe HTN Hyperthyroidism Glaucoma Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drug and its component Psychiatril illness Potential for abuse and misuse Doxapram Epilepsy Seizure disorder Mechanical disorder of ventilation Muscle paresis Flail chest Pneumothorax Asthma Pulmonary fibrosis Head injury Stroke Cerebral edema Uncompensated HF Severe coronary disease Severe HTN MAO inhibitor
Corticosteroids
Beclomethasone dipropionate Betamethasone (dipropionate; valerate) Budesonide Ciclesonide Cortisone acetate Deflazacort Dexamethasone (sodium phosphate) Fludrocorticortisone acetate Flunisolide Fluticasone propionate Hydrocortison (acetate, succinate; valerate) Methyprednisolone(acetate, sodium succinate) Mometasone furoate Prednisolene (acetate; sodium phosphate) Prednisone Triamcinolone (acetonide; hexacetonide) Indication Duchenne muscular dystrophy Hypersensitivity; inflammation, particularly of eye, nose, and respiratory tract (asthma) To initiate immunosuppression; replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency, dermatologic and GI disease Action Suppress cell-mediated and humoral immunity by reducing levels of leukocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils By decreasing Ig binding to cell-surface receptors Inhibiting interleukin synthesis
Nephrotic syndrome Edema and ascites caused by hepatic cirrhosis HTN Diabeted insipidus, particularly nephrogenic diabetes insipidus Action Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics Interfere with sodium transport across the tubules of the cortical diluting segment in the nephron, thereby increasing renal excretion of sodium, chloride water, and potassium and decreasing calcium excretion *Thiazide diuretics exert an antihypertensive effect Adverse Reaction Electrolyte and metabolic disturbances Potassium depletion Elevated cholesterol levels Hypercalcemia Hyperglycemia Hyperuricemia Hypochloremic alkalosis Hypomagnesemia Hyponatremia Photosensitivity Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components Anuria Use cautiously in patients with severe renal disease, impaired hepatic function, or progressive liver disease Use cautiously in pregnancy and discontinue breastfeeding
Estrogens
Esteriified estrogen Estradiol (cypionate; hemihydrate; valerate) Estrogens (conjugated) Estroppipate Indications Prevention of moderate to severe vasomotor symptoms linked to menopause, such as hot flushes and dizziness Stimulation of vaginal tissue development,cornification, and secretory activity Inhibition of hormone-sensitive cancer growth Female hypogonadism Female castration Primary ovulation failure Ovulation control Prevention of conception Action Promote the development and maintenance of the female reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics. They inhibit the release of pituitary gonadotropins and have various metabolic effects, including retention of fluid and electrolytes, retention and deposition in bone of calcium and phosphorus and mild anabolic activity Adverse Reaction Abdominal camps asthenia Back pain Bloating Breast swelling and tenderness Changes in menstrual bleeding patterns Spotting and prolongation or absence of bleeding Depression Endometrial hyperplasia Flatulence Headache Insomnia Leukorrhea Loss of appetite Loss of libido Nausea Photosensitivity Swollen feet or ankles Weight gain Vaginal hemorrhage Vaginitis Benign hepatomas Cholestatic jaundice Elevated BP Endometrial carcinoma Thromboembolic disease Contraindication and Caution Women with thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders, unexplained abnormal genital bleeding, or estrogen-dependent neoplasia Use cautiously in patients with HTN, metabolic bones disease, migraines, seizures, asthma, cardiac, renal, or hepatic impairment Blood dyscrasia Diabetes Family history of breast cancer Fibrocystic disease Pregnancy and breastfeeding Fluoroquinolones Ciprofloxacon Delafloxacin meglumine Gatifloxacin Gemifloxacin mesylate Levofloxacin Maxifloxacin hydrochloride Ofloxacin Indication Bone and joint infection Bacterial bronchitis Endocervical and urethral chlamydial infection Bacterial gastroenteritis Endocervical and urethral gonorrhea Intra-abdominal infection Empirical therapy for febrile neutropenia Pelvic inflammatory disease Bacterial pneumonia Acute sinusitis Skin and soft-tissue infection Typhoid fever Action Produce a bacterial effect by inhibiting intracellular DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. These enzymes are essential catalysts in the duplication, transcription, and repair of bacterial DNA Adverse Reaction Acute psychosis Agitation Hallucination Tremors Hepatotoxicity Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia
Hypersensitivity reactions Intertitial nephritis Phlebitis Pseudomembranous colitis Tendinitis or tendon rupture Dizziness Headache Nervousness Drowsiness Insomnia GI reactions Photosensitivity Contraindication Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components History of QT c-interval prolongation Uncorrected electrolyte disorders (hyppokalemia, hypomagnesemia) Hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia may occur in patients with or without diabetes Suspected CNS disorders that predispose them to seizure
Hematopoietic agents
Darbepoetin alfa Epoetin alfa Epoetin alfa-epox Indications Anemia associated with chronic renal failure Zidovudine therapy in patients with HIV, and cancer chemotherapy To reduce need for allogeneic blood transfusions in patients undergoing elective, non cardiac, non- vascular surgical procedures (epoetin alfa-epbx) Action Epoetin alfa, epoetin alfa-epbx and darbepoetin alfa stimulate RBC production in the bone marrow Adverse Reaction Fatigue Headache Chest pain HTN Nausea Vomiting Diarrhea Mucositis Stomatitis Myalgias Fever Dyspnea Cough Sore throat Alopecia Rash Urticaria Seizures Stinging at injection site Peripheral edema Procedural hypotension Abdominal pain Thromboembolic events Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its components or human albumin Uncontrolled HTN Breastfeeding (darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa, or epoetin alfa-epbx Cardiac disease Seizures Porphyria Pregnancy
HIstamine 2 -receptor antagonists
Cimetidine Famotidine Nizatidine Ranitidine hydrochloride Indication Duodenal or gastric ulcer Zollinger-Ellison syndrome GERD Action H2-receptor antagonists inhibit the action of H receptors in gastric parietal cells, reducing gastric acid output and concentration, regardless of stimulants, such as histamine, food, insulin, and caffeine, or basal condition Adverse Reaction Cardiac arrhythmia Dizziness Fatigue Gynecomastia Headache Mild and transient diarrhea Thrombocytopenia Contraindication and Caution Hypersensitivity to the drugs and its component Use cautiously in patients with impaired renal or hepatic functions Use cautiously in pregnancy
Immunosuppressants
Anakinra Azathioprine Basiliximab Belimumab Cyclosporini Etanercept Fingolimod Inflixmab-abda Inflixmab-dyyb Inflixmab-qbtx Lymphocyte immune globulin Mycophenolate mofetil Sirolimus Tacrolimus Indications Prevention of rejection in organ transplants Management of severe RA, MS, Psoriasis SLE Crohn disease Ulcerative colitis Cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes Polyarticular juvenille idiopathic arthritis Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Plaque psoriasis Moderate to severe aplastic anemia in patients unsuitable for bone marrow transplant Treatment of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist deficiency Active lupus nephritis in patients receiving standard therapy Active autoantibody-positive SLE
