Game Development Project: Research and Development of a 2D Roguelike Game, Papers of Software Project Management

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Dungeon Gunner Student’s name: Nguyen Tung Lam Student’s code: 1274087 Tutor: Nguyen Huu Chu

Table of Contents

• List of Figures..............................................................................................................................
• List of Tables................................................................................................................................
• 1. Introduction
  • 1.1. Background information..................................................................................................
  • 1.2. Project aim and objectives...............................................................................................
• 2. Literature Review
  • 2.1. Video Game......................................................................................................................
    • 2.1.1. History of Video game...............................................................................................
    • 2.1.2. Video games in the present time............................................................................
    • 2.1.3. Current video games trends....................................................................................
    • 2.1.4. Technologies...........................................................................................................
  • 2.2. Technologies..................................................................................................................
    • 2.2.1. Unity........................................................................................................................
    • 2.2.2. Unreal Engine..........................................................................................................
    • 2.2.3. GameMaker.............................................................................................................
    • 2.2.4. Similarities between Unity, Unreal Engine and GameMaker.................................
    • 2.2.5. Differences between Unity, Unreal Engine and GameMaker.................................
    • 2.2.6. Comparison.............................................................................................................
  • 2.3. Methodologies...............................................................................................................
    • 2.3.1. Waterfall..................................................................................................................
    • 2.3.2. Prototype.................................................................................................................
    • 2.3.3. Agile.........................................................................................................................
  • 2.4. Selected Technology and Methodology.........................................................................
  • 2.5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................
• 3. Requirement Analysis
  • 3.1. Similar games.................................................................................................................
    • 3.1.1. Enter the Gungeon..................................................................................................
    • 3.1.2. Soul Knight..............................................................................................................
  • 3.2. Project Requirements....................................................................................................
• 4. System analysis and game design.........................................................................................
  • 4.1. Architecture....................................................................................................................
  • 4.2. Use case Diagram...........................................................................................................
  • 4.3. UI Design........................................................................................................................
  • 4.4. Design of Characters, Enemies, Items and Effects.........................................................
  • 4.5. Level Design....................................................................................................................
• 5. Implementation.....................................................................................................................
  • 5.1. Create Start base............................................................................................................
  • 5.2. Create Character............................................................................................................
  • 5.3. Character controller and animation...............................................................................
  • 5.4. Enemies Controller and animation................................................................................
  • 5.5. Character behavior.........................................................................................................
    • 5.4.1. Attack......................................................................................................................
    • 5.4.2. Take damage...........................................................................................................
    • 5.4.3. Switch weapon........................................................................................................
    • 5.4.4. Use items.................................................................................................................
  • 5.6. Enemies behavior...........................................................................................................
    • 5.5.1. Movement...............................................................................................................
    • 5.5.2. Attack......................................................................................................................
    • 5.5.3. Boss behavior..........................................................................................................
  • 5.7. Game UI..........................................................................................................................
• 6. Testing...................................................................................................................................
• 7. Project Management.............................................................................................................
• 8. Evaluation..............................................................................................................................
  • 8.1. About 2D game project..................................................................................................
  • 8.2. End of project.................................................................................................................
    • 8.2.1. Compare final product with original requirements................................................
    • 8.2.2. Maintainability of the project.................................................................................
    • 8.2.3. Usability of the project............................................................................................
• 9. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................
  • 9.1. Self-evaluation................................................................................................................
  • 9.2. Dungeon Gunner............................................................................................................
• References.................................................................................................................................
• Figure 1 - Spacewar (1962).......................................................................................................... List of Figures
• Figure 2 - Magnavox Odyssey.....................................................................................................
• Figure 3 - Nintendo Game Boy....................................................................................................
• Figure 4 - Xbox Series X and PS5...............................................................................................
• Figure 5 - Enter the Gungeon....................................................................................................
• Figure 6 - Combat in Enter the Gungeon..................................................................................
• Figure 7 - Effects in Enter the Gungeon....................................................................................
• Figure 8 - Soul Knight................................................................................................................
• Figure 9 - Soul Knight's lobby....................................................................................................
• Figure 10 - Use case diagram....................................................................................................
• Figure 11 – Main menu scene...................................................................................................
• Figure 12 - Game Scene.............................................................................................................
• Figure 13 - Menu scene.............................................................................................................
• Figure 14 - Itch.io......................................................................................................................
• Figure 15 - Sprite-Resource.......................................................................................................
• Figure 16 - OpenGameArt.........................................................................................................
• Figure 17 – Map........................................................................................................................
• Figure 18 - Boss zone.................................................................................................................
• Figure 19 - Titleset for start base..............................................................................................
• Figure 20 - Create title map......................................................................................................
• Figure 21 - Sprite editor............................................................................................................
• Figure 22 - Main Scene..............................................................................................................
• Figure 23 - Rigidbody 2D component........................................................................................
• Figure 24 – Player controller Script...........................................................................................
• Figure 25 - Player animator componet.....................................................................................
• Figure 26 - Player animator.......................................................................................................
• Figure 27 - Setting for Enemy action.........................................................................................
• Figure 28 - Damage enemy script.............................................................................................
• Figure 29 - Player attack script..................................................................................................
• Figure 30 - Take damage script.................................................................................................
• Figure 31 - Switch weapon script..............................................................................................
• Figure 32 - Check if Player has gun...........................................................................................
• Figure 33 - Use item script........................................................................................................
• Figure 34 - Check if Player's picking up item or Enemy............................................................
• Figure 35 - Enemy movement script.........................................................................................
• Figure 36 - Patrol enemy movement........................................................................................
• Figure 37 - Attack plaer script...................................................................................................
• Figure 38 - Damages player.......................................................................................................
• Figure 39 - Boss script...............................................................................................................
• Figure 40 - Main scene..............................................................................................................
• Figure 41 – Lobby......................................................................................................................
• Figure 42 - Pause screen...........................................................................................................
• Figure 43 - Game over screen...................................................................................................
• Figure 44 - Sprint 1....................................................................................................................
• Figure 45 - Sprint 2....................................................................................................................
• Figure 46 - Spint 3.....................................................................................................................
• Figure 47 - Sprint 4....................................................................................................................
• Table 1 - Game engines............................................................................................................. List of Tables
• Table 2 Game engines comparison...........................................................................................
• Table 3 - List of Requirements..................................................................................................
• Table 4 - List of Requirements..................................................................................................
• Table 5 - Test case.....................................................................................................................
• Table 6 - Evaluate the final product..........................................................................................

2. Literature Review

2.1. Video Game......................................................................................................................

2.1.1. History of Video game...............................................................................................

Video games were first developed in the middle of the last century, but up to now, the industry has only really existed for more than 40 years. During that process of formation and development, hundreds of support tools were born and died over time due to the rapid development of technology as well as the competition between the two sides. That is why the gaming industry and market can develop and grow as it is now, and the gaming market will grow even stronger in the future. Based on (Stanton, 2015), below is the entire history of the gaming industry up to the present time. Each milestone is part of a phenomenon that greatly influenced the gaming world and helped shape the gaming industry into what it is today. 1950s OXO was invented by British professor A.S. Douglas as a part of his PhD research at the University of Cambridge. It is also referred to as noughts and crosses or tic-tac-toe. And for the annual visitor's day at the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, William Higinbotham constructed Tennis for Two in 1958 using a large analog computer and an oscilloscope screen that was attached to it. 1960s An MIT professor Steve Russell created a game called "Spacewar". The game was developed on a mainframe computer at the university. This game has had a great influence on the development of video games. Besides, this is also the first game that allows multiple players to play on installed devices.

Figure 1 - Spacewar (1962) 1970s The 70s, the previous century. A game called Computer Space was invented at Stanford University. The first arcade game is this one. Ted Dabney and Nolan Bussnell collaborated to build and improve it. They are the forerunners of the Spacewar game genre and continue to expand upon what is thought of them. In addition, they developed a method for gathering currencies needed to advance in the game. After going to the machines and inserting coins, players may start playing the game. Due to its enormous popularity, arcade game developers were inspired to create more. Figure 2 - Magnavox Odyssey

1990s According to (Oliver, 2023) , in the spring of 1994 there were 24 million households in the US with computers at home and 48% played on computers. The increasing use of computers is largely due to the addition of web surfing and document processing capabilities. "Doom" is a famous name during this time and still today. It's a game that created the unthinkable. Released in 1993 on PC, Doom is considered the most influential and amazing first-person shooting game ever. It has had a lot of influence on shooting games as well as video games in general. The popular FPS game genre originated from this game. The Console Manufacturers are vying for share of the possible boom that the gaming industry provides. Businesses, notably Atari, Sega, Nintendo, and Sony for the first time, hurried to deploy their flagship systems. November 1994 saw the introduction of the Sega Saturn by Sega, one month ahead of Sony. Ultimately, it didn't really matter because, with the exception of GameBoys, the PlayStation One outsold the Sega Saturn 10 to 1 and went on to become the most popular system of the 1990s. Compared to its competitors, Sony provides gamers with a greater selection of games thanks to its third-party support three. More than 100 million PlayStation One consoles were sold during the 1990s. With the release of the Dreamcast in 1998, Sega's last system, it was eliminated from the competition due to its eventual dominance. Hardware manufacturers like Microsoft, who joined the bandwagon with the first Xbox in 2001, took more notice of Sony's success, which they capitalized on with the introduction of the PS2. Although Nintendo and its GameCube platform also sold more than 20 million copies in the early 2000s, the now famous Xbox/PlayStation rivalry had begun. The next generation of high-definition video games, Microsoft's Xbox 360, Sony's PlayStation 3, and Nintendo's Wii, launched in 2005 and 2006. To attract new gamers, each platform

released unique games: Microsoft offers Gears of War, Crackdown, Halo, etc., while Sony offers Gran Tourismo, Little Big Planet, and The Last of Us. Console conflicts continue. 2000s Another piece of technology was subtly gaining traction in the background. In the early 2000s, the idea of mobile gaming was mostly unheard of and was confined to single-player games like Snake. Everything changed when the initial iPhone was launched in 2007. The "MVP" was a gadget that basically embodied the future of mobile internet as it exists now, despite its limitations and absence of an App Store or 3G capabilities. When the App Store opened on July 10, 2008, there were 500 iOS apps available. Millions more applications were created and released over the next ten years, including some of the most played games ever (Candy Crush has over 500 million users). Since the App Store was still relatively new, most of the early mobile games were paid titles. One of the most well-known mobile games, Angry Birds, debuted with a price of $0.99. The developers of Angry Birds, Rovio, had released the game for Android by 2010 and had started looking at different business strategies. The group quickly understood that providing a free game with advertisements and a pay-to-uninstall option would be a profitable business model. 2010s As many free-to-play mobile games became popular by 2010, Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo had established themselves as viable alternatives to traditional console income sources. One of the most famous games ever created, Minecraft was a worldwide sensation. Although Microsoft purchased Mojang's open-world sandbox game in 2014 for a reported $2.5 billion, it is still played today. Note that the Xbox One and PS4 were released in the fall of 2013. Mobile users were given the opportunity to test the game for free and take use of a normally limited but fully functional experience, rather than having to pay a set fee to access and play

Video games have been integrated into our daily lives. There are many genres and categories accessible. You can play on almost any type of device, including TVs, tablets, and phones. You have the option to play alone, with friends, offline or online, and even watch other players in real time. 2.1.3. Current video games trends As to (Yanev, 2023), 14. 56% of the most regular players engage in multiplayer gaming. They spend at least one week playing in multiplayer. Additionally, they play online with others for seven hours on average—one hour longer than they would if they played in person. Of those who play often, 42% do it with friends, 19% with relatives, 17% with parents, and 16% with their spouse. Video games facilitate social connections, as noted by 55% of players. 15. Shooter games are preferred by 35% of online players. With 28%, action games come in second, followed by casual games with 27%. Everybody has had days when they've wanted to shoot someone with a really large gun. It's much better if it's your friend. Generative AI in gaming and making video games But AI isn't limited to the gaming itself. It's a natural byproduct of creating video games. Instead of having to laboriously create every single tree in a forest or rock formation in a canyon, designers may now manufacture game assets with the aid of artificial intelligence (AI) for a number of years. Alternatively, designers can use a method known as procedural content generation—which is already a pretty common practice in the field—to transfer that labor to computers. (Yanev, 2023) The jobs of human designers aren't under danger, at least not yet, even though AI creates game components and sometimes even whole levels. Togelius stated in his 2018 book Playing Smart that "we will not have AI systems that can design a complete game from scratch with anything like the quality, or at least consistency of quality, that a team of human game developers can" for the foreseeable future.

Even though AI can't currently make full games, AI-generated art has the potential to revolutionize the graphics business. In just three days, one designer employed AI art to produce a horizontally scrolling shooting game.

2.1.4. Technologies...........................................................................................................

Some popular game engines will be mentioned below. Unity using simplicity, you can build interactive 3D content using the Unity multi-platform game engine. Unity offers a wide range of game engines, including the greatest 2D and open- source options. Unity is utilized by many independent developers because of its great features, top-notch content, and versatility for almost any kind of game. Almost all of the functionality of this video game engine are available, and it may be used to create games for any platform. Advantages:  Free for novices making under $100,  Excellent for both 2D and 3D games  Robust support for mobile game development  Availability of VR and AR SDKs  a vast library of free items in the asset store Unreal Engine Many of the triple-A games that are now the most popular are powered by the Unreal Engine. The engine has been particularly designed to accomplish many complex jobs more effectively than other engines due of its widespread use in that industry. Advantages:  Excellent for sophisticated graphics  More efficient than comparable engines

2.2. Technologies..................................................................................................................

2.2.1. Unity........................................................................................................................

2.2.1.1. About Unity The Unity cross-platform gaming engine was first unveiled at Apple's 2005 World Developers Conference (WDC) by Unity Technologies. More than 25 game platforms are supported by Unity, including mobile devices, virtual reality (VR) platforms, PCs running Windows, macOS, and Linux, and consoles like Xbox, PlayStation, and others. as the Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR, to name a few. Because the Unity game engine enables users to build and play 2D, 3D, and VR games, it is a popular choice among users. It has also been developed for usage in a variety of non-gaming sectors, such as visual effects and animation, automotive, architecture, engineering, and construction. 2.2.1.2. History of Unity On Mac OS X, Unity was first published in 2005. In 2007, version 2.0 with fifty additional features was published. After Apple launched the App Store, compatibility for iPhone was added. Only two years later, Unity 4.0 was launched, after the 2008 release of version 3.0, which included support for Android. Facebook introduced SDK integration for Unity games in

2013. 2015 saw the release of version 5.0, which included enhanced visuals, better platform support, and VR compatibility. With real-time graphics rendering and interaction with 3D design tools, Unity 5.6 (Unity 2017) was released. The 2019 edition of the Data Oriented Tech Stack (DOTS) enhanced processing 2.2.1.3. Feature of Unity This specific game engine is among the few 3D gaming engines available and is arguably the easiest to use. Comparatively speaking, it's also among the greatest game engines for novices, particularly if you also want a mobile game engine. Because so many firms and developers have created simple SDKs for the engine, it is not only a popular choice for producing virtual reality games and AR applications, but it is also well-suited for both 2D and 3D games of any kind. (Zenva, 2022)

2.2.2. Unreal Engine..........................................................................................................

2.2.2.1. About Unreal Engine Unreal Engine. In addition to being a 3D game engine, this one may also be used as a no- code gaming engine for people who are apprehensive about programming languages. The greatest graphics engine is also included in this entry, which makes creating gorgeous- looking games simple. Tim Seveeny, the creator of Epic Games, delivered the initial version of the Unreal Engine in 1998. The first-person shooter (FPS) game, Unreal, served as the engine's launchpad. Popular for its mobility and compatibility with a wide range of operating systems, Unreal Engine is compatible with iOS and Android mobile platforms, game consoles (PS4, PS5, Xbox One, Nintendo Switch, etc.), Windows, macOS, and Linux PCs. (Robert, 2021) (Zenva, 2022) 2.2.2.2. History of Unreal Engine First generation Unreal Engine Unreal Engine is owned by Epic Games and created by Tim Seveeny starting in 1995. An FPS game was released in 1998, Unreal. The same year, the integrated UnrealEd Editor brought improved graphics. By 1999 there were 16 external projects implemented by Unreal Engine. (Robert, 2021) Unreal Engine 2 Launched in 2002, it included integrated support for 3D libraries, sophisticated rendering capabilities, and cinematic editing. The first version to be released was America's Army, a multiplayer shooter. One of the first titles available on Xbox Live was Unreal Championship. In Unreal Tournament 2003, the Karma physics engine was utilized to simulate vehicle physics through collisions and rigid body interaction. The Karma Dynamics Engine in Unreal Tournament 2004 offers improved vehicle dynamics for major competitions. (Robert, 2021) Unreal Engine 3

2.2.3.2. History of GameMaker Users may develop 2D games with or without coding using the GameMaker family of cross- platform game engines. Originally known as Animo, GameMaker was initially made available to the public by Mark Overmar in 1999. The program was created in Delphi¹³ and has restricted visual scripting capabilities. Game Maker Language (GML), a scripting language that enables users to construct more complex games, was first introduced with the release of GameMaker 3.0 in 2001. GameMaker 6.0 was launched in 2004 with support for extensions, particles, and 3D graphics. James North-Hearn, Sandy Duncan, and Mark Overmars formed YoYo Games in 2007 and purchased GameMaker. They launched GameMaker 7.0, which included capabilities for the internet such a multiplayer server and a game portal. (Carroll, 2022) 2.2.3.3. Feature of GameMaker GameMaker is a software application that allows users to create 2D games with or without coding. It has many features that make it a powerful and versatile tool for game development. Some of these features are:  Room Editor  Object Editor  Image Editor  Sequences  Tilesets  Debugger  Networking  In-App Purchases  Push Notifications  Publishing 2.2.4. Similarities between Unity, Unreal Engine and GameMaker All engines can be used to create big games like AAA games with great graphics. Besides, the engines above all support users to develop their projects on many different platforms such as 2D and 3D with many support tools for users to freely explore and create.

2.2.5. Differences between Unity, Unreal Engine and GameMaker.................................

One of the most well-known video games to this day is Unity, which was founded in 2005. Users may finish the project in a single bundle using Unity and all the support tools offered. To encourage user inventiveness, many solutions and exceptional capabilities are developed. It lets you work with a variety of additional aspects, such lighting, music, and animation, to create locations and scenarios and add items to them. Unity can be the best option if you're looking for accessibility and versatility in equal measure. Development on Unreal Engine started in 1995, and it was formally launched in 1998. One of the most well-known and widely used game engines nowadays is Unreal, particularly in certain game genres like first-person shooters, massively multiplayer online role-playing games, fighting games, and so on. A fundamental tool that comes with a ton of developer support and is compatible with a wide range of platforms and devices. Unreal Engine could be a better option if you're looking for sophisticated physics simulations or high-end graphical capabilities. Released in 1999, GameMaker is among the most established gaming engines available. The most recent version of GameMaker Studio 2 included a number of new features, including cross-platform compatibility, speed, and ease of use. Because of the drag-and-drop technique, users simply need to drag and drop interfaces and setup as needed to utilize this tool—programming language expertise is not necessary. GameMaker can be your best option if you want an intuitive UI or are a newbie. There is a good amount of active users for both programs. Nevertheless, Unity 3D is now a part of Unreal 4, which means that its user base is more diverse and it has a larger consumer base. It doesn't appear like the GameMaker community is as large as beige. Each has thorough documentation outlining the features and capabilities of the tools. However, there are more Unity courses available on Udemy. Users can obtain modifications, including objects and textures, through the asset shop. Unity has a great deal of personalized possibilities than Unreal. Unity has only 3,000 assets, compared to about 10,000 in Unreal. In GameMaker, there are four thousand.