DEVELOPMENT OF
KIDNEY AND URETERS
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The development of the nephron and congenital anomalies related to the kidney and ureter. It explains the formation of the neural tube, intermediate mesoderm, and nephrogenic cord. It also details the development of the ureteric bud, metanephric blastema, and uriniferous tubule. The document then discusses congenital anomalies such as renal agenesis, horseshoe kidney, and multicystic dysplastic kidney.
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2020/2021
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DEVELOPMENT OF
KIDNEY AND URETERS
TRILAMINAR DISC
Ectoderm Endoderm Mesoderm ● (^) Paraxial mesoderm ● Intermediate mesoderm ● (^) Lateral plate mesoderm ○ Somatic layer ○ (^) Splanchnic Layer FOLDING Condensation of intermediate mesoderm Splanchnic Layer mesoderm Towards Urogenital ridge ● Urinary system ● (^) Reproductive system Nephrogenic cord
FORMATION OF NEPHROGENIC CORD
Reciprocal induction Release growth factors Metanephric Blastoma ureteric bud ● Pelvic region ● (^) Condensation of intermediate mesoderm Forms ● (^) Metanephric Blastoma ● (^) Stimulate mesonephric duct to produce ureteric bud Release growth factors
DEVELOPMENT OF
METANEPHROS:
Ureteric bud Initial Ampulla
Renal Pelvis
● (^) 6th week ● (^) Bifurcate 4 times 16 branches
1-3 million branches
(collecting duct)
Minor Calyces
● (^) 32 weeks ● (^) 11 additional generation of bifurcation
2 or 4 major calyces
● 7th week ● Next 4 generation of branches ● (^) Give rise to DEVELOPMENT OF THE KIDNEY AND URETER :
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF KIDNEY AND URETER Unilateral renal agenesis : ● The mesonephric ducts fail to develop. ● Usually there is absent ureter, trigone, kidney and vas deferens (in boys). ● Single umbilical arteries. Renal Agenesis Bilateral renal agenesis : ● It is the uncommon and serious failure of both a fetus' kidneys to develop during gestation. ● The malformations associated to this is known as Potters Syndrome. ● This absence of kidneys causes oligohydramnios, which can place extra pressure on the developing baby and cause further malformations. ● Males are more commonly affected and most infants that are born alive do not live beyond Multicystic dysplastic kidney ● (^) Multicystic dysplastic kidney results from the malformation of the kidney during fetal development. ● The kidney consists of irregular cysts of varying sizes and has no function. ● It is the most common type of renal cystic disease, and it is one of the most common causes of an abdominal mass in infants.
Horseshoe kidney :
● It develops when the lower poles of the kidneys are fused in the midline due to fusion of ureteric buds during fetal development. ● These kidneys are more prone to develop wilms tumour than general. Diagnosis could be done with IVP.
Ectopic Kidney:
● Renal ectopia or ectopic kidney describes a kidney that is not located in its usual position. ● It results from the kidney failing to ascend from its origin in the true pelvis or from a superiorly ascended kidney located in the thorax. Renal hypoplasia ● This appears as one small kidney with the other one larger. It occurs due to the partial development of kidney. ● Small kidneys also have small arteries and are associated with hypertension requiring nephrectomy.