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MEDICAL PREFIXES
a- (an-) lacking ab- away from andr(o)- male angi(o)- blood or lymph vessel ante- before arthro- joint aut(o)- self bi- twice, two branchi- arm brachy- shortness brady- slowness bronch(o)- bronchial tubes carcin(o)- cancer cardi(o)- heart cerebr(o)- brain cholecyst- gallbladder circum- surrounding colp(o )- vagina contra- against crani(o)- brain cry(o)- cold crypt - hidden, concealed cyt(o)- cell dent- tooth derm- skin di- double dys- difficulty, painful, abnormal end(o)- within, inner enter(o)- intestine epi- above, upon ex(o)- outside, outer extra- outside gastro- stomach gyn- female haem- blood hepat(o)- liver hist(o)- tissue hyper- above, high hypno- sleep hypo- below, low hyster(o)- uterus immuno- immunity infra- below intra- within laryng(o)- larynx mal- abnormal, diseased mast- breast muco- mucus my(o)- muscle necro- death neo- new nephr(o)- kidney neur(o)- nerve oculo- eye olig(o)- deficiency, few ophthalm(o)- eye oro- mouth ortho- straight, normal osteo- bone ot(o)- ear paed- children path(o)- disease peri- around, enclosing pharmac(o)- drugs phleb(o)- vein phot(o)- light pneumon- lung poly- many, excessive post- after pre- (pro-)- before ren- kidney retro- behind rhin- nose scler(o)- thickening ser(o)- serum sdpondyl- vertebra, spine supra- above syn- together, union tachy- fast therm(o)- heat. temperature trache(o)- trachea uni- one urin- urine, urinary system utero- utero vaso- vessel vesico- bladder aemia- condition of blood algia- pain ase- enzyme blast- formative cell cele- tumor, swelling centesis- puncture cide- destructive, killing coccus- spherical bacterium cyte- cell derm- skin dynia- pain ectasis- dilation, extension ectomy- surgical removal of facient- making, causing fuge- expelling genesis- origin, development genic- causing, produced by iasis- disease condition iatric- practice of healing itis- inflammation of kinesis- movement lysis - breaking down, dissolution malacia- softening megaly - enlargnement oid- likeliness, resemblance oma- tumor opia- eye defect osis- disease, condition ostomy- surgical opening or outlet otomy- surgical incision into an organ or part -penia lacks of, deficiency -pexy surgical fixation -phage ingesting -philia affinity for, morbid attraction -phobia fear -plasty reconstructive surgery -plegia paralysis -pnoea condition of breathing -poiesis formation -ptosis prolapse -scopy visual examination -statis stagnation, stoppage of flow -uria condition of urine
Medical abbreviations and Acronyms A&E accident and emergency department Abd Abdomen ABP arterial blood pressure ABG arterial blood gas a.c before meal ADLs activities of daily living ADM admission AET aetiology AI artificial insemination AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome ALG antilymphocyte globulin ALS antilymphocyte serum A&O Alert & Oriented ARM artificial rupture of membranes (for delivery) BCG Bacille Calmette-Guerin (TB vaccine) BMI body mass index BMR basal mtabolic rate BP blood pressure BPD bronchopulmonary dysplasia CA cancer CABG coronary artery bypass graft CAPD continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis CAT computerized axial tomography CCU coronary care unit CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakod disease CMV cytomegalovirus CNS central nervous system COAD chronic obstructive airway disease CPAP continuous positive airway pressure CPR cardiopulmonary resuscitation CSF cerebrospinal fluid CT computerized tomography CV cardiovascular CVA cardiovascular accident CVP cardiovascular pressure CVS chronic villus sampling CXR chest X-ray D&C dilation and curettage d/c discontinue DHA district health authority DI donor insemination DIC disseminated intravascular coagulation DISCH discharge DL danger list DMD Duchenne muscular dystrophy DNA deoxyribonucleic acid DNR do not resuscitation DOA dead on arrival DPT combine vaccine against diphtheria, whooping cough and tetanus Dr doctor DRG diagnostic related group DTs delrium tremens DVT deep vein thrombosis Dx diagnosis ECG electrocardiogram ECT electroconvulsive therapy EEG electroencephalograph EMG electromtograph ENT ear, nose, throat EPO erythropoeitin ET endotracheal tube Fx fracture GH growth hormone GIFT gamete intrafallopian transfer GP general practicioner GVHD graft-versus- host-disease HBIG hepatitis B immunoglobulin HCG human chorionic gonadotrophin HIV human immunodeficiency virus HLA system humen leucocyte antigen system HOB head of bed HOH hard of hearing H&P history & Physical HR heart rate HRT hormone replacement therapy h.s at bedtime IBS irritable bowel syndrome ICP intracranial pressure ICU intensive care unit IHD ischemic heart disease IM intramuscular IMR infant mortality rate IMV intermittent mandatory ventilation I&O intake and output IOP intraocular pressure IPPV intermittent positive pressure ventillation IQ intelligent quotient IUD intrauterine device IV intraveneous IVP intraveneous pyelogram IZS insulin zinc suspension K&M kaolin and morphine LBW low birth weight LP lumbar puncture LSD lysergic acid diethylamide MAB monoclonal antibody MAOI monoamine oxidase inhiibitor MAP mean arterial pressure MBD minimal brain dysfunction MD doctor of medicine ME myalgic encephalomyelitis MHC major histocompatibility complex MI myocardial infarction MLD minumun lethal dose MMR German measles (measles, mumps, and rubella) MMRV combination vaccine against measles, mumps, and German measles(rubella) MND motor neurone disease MO medical officer MRI magnetic resonance imaging MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy MERSA methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus MS multiple sclerosis MSU mid-stream urine specimen NGT nasogastric tube NHS National Health Services NPO nil per orem (nothing by mouth) NTD nueral tube defect OBGYN obstetrics and gynecology OA osteoarthritis OD overdose OP outpatient
-plegia word ending meaning paralysis Monoplegia paralysis of single limb/ group muscle Hemiplegia paralysis of one side of the body Qundriplegia paralysis of all four extremities Pentaplegia quadriplegia + respiratory depression -megaly means large Splenomegaly enlargement of the spleen Nephromegaly enlargement of one or both kidney Hepatosplenomegaly enlargement of the liver and spleen Acromegaly enlargement of peripheral part of the body (head, face, hands, and feet PX Assessment A Airway B Breathing C Circulation D Disability E Expose Newborn Assessment A Appearance P Pulse G Grimace A Activity R Respirations Pain Questions O Onset P Provoke/ Palliative Q Quality / Character R Region? Radiation S Severity T Time of Onset History Taking S Signs and Symptoms A Allergies M Medication P Pertinent Past Hx L Last Meal E Events Nursing Process “ADPIE” Assessment Gather information and review Verify the information collected is clear and accurate Subjective : what is the patient tells the nurse Objective : data the nurse obtains through assessment and observation Diagnosis Interpret the information collected Identify and prioritize the problem through a nursing diagnosis (NANDA) Planning Set goals to solve the problem Prioritize the outcomes of care Set SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time Frame) Implementation Reaching those goals through performing the nursing actions Evaluation Determine the outcome of goals Document clients response to pain Nursing Ethical Principles Autonomy- respect for an individual’s right to make their own decisions Non Maleficence- obligation to do and cause no harm to others Beneficence - duty to do good to others Justice- distribution of benefits and services fairly Veracity- obligation to tell the truth Fidelity- following through with a promise HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) Patient’s record are private and they have the right to ensure the medical information is not shared without permission All health care professionals must inform the px how their health information is used The patient has the right to obtain a copy of their personal health information Consent Treatment can not be done without patient consent In the case of an emergency when a patient cannot give consent, consent is implied through emergency laws Minors (under 18) consents must be obtained from a parent or a legal guardian Transmission Based Precaution Airborne Measles Tuberculosis Varicella (Chickenpox) Single room under negative pressure, door remains closed Health care workers wear respiratory mask (N95 or higher level) Droplet Adenovirus Diphteria Epiglottitis Influenza Meningitis Mumps Parvovirus B Pertussis Pneumonia Rubella Scarlet fever Sepsis Private room or a patient whose body cultures contains the same organism Wear surgical mask Place mask on the patient Contact Colonization or infection with multidrug-resistant organism Enteric infections Respiratory infection Wounds and skin infection Eye infection Private room or cohort client
Use gloves and gown whenever entering the patients room Chain of infection Causative Agent Bacteria Virus Fungus Prion Parasite Reservoir Human Animal Surfaces Food Soil Insects Portal of Exit Mouth (vomit, saliva) Blood (cuts on the skin) Mode of transmission Contact Droplet Airborne Vector borne Portal of entry How it gets to the host Same as portal of exit Susceptible host Leaves the host more susceptible to infection Stages of Infection Incubation- Interval between the pathogen entering the body and the presentation of the first symptoms Prodromal stage- onset of general symptoms to more distant symptoms; the pathogen is multiplying Illness stage- symptoms specific to the infection appear Convalescence- acute symptoms disappear and total recovery could take days to month Schedule for Immunization When # of Dosage What Why 16 to 39 weeks of pregnancy 2 TT Tetanus 6 weeks 9 months 3 DPT and Polio drops (interval of one month) For diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus and poliomyelitis Birth to 9 months 1 BCG For tuberculosis 9 to 12 months 1 Measles vaccine (MMR) German measles (measles, mumps, and rubella) 18 to 24 months Boaster dose Polio and DPT For diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus and poliomyelitis 5 to 6 years 2 DPT and typhoid For diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus and typhoid fever 10 years 2 TT and typhoid Tetanus and typhoid 16 years 1 TT and typhoid Tetanus and typhoid Period Incubation/ Communicability When Incubation Period of communicability Influenza 1 to 3 days About 1 week from onset Dysentery 1 to 7 days Till bacilli are present in stool Typhoid 5 days Until stool and urine are negative Cholera 3 days Until stool and urine are negative usually 7 to 14 days Smallpox 7 to 17 days Until scabs and crusts disappear Mumps 2 to 3 weeks Until the swelling subsides Polio 7 to 14 days From 7 to 21 days Scabies 1 to 2 days Till it cures Measles 1 to 3 days About 1 week from onset Ineffective hepatitis 15 to 50 days Unknown Amoebiasis 3 to 4 weeks Till cyst passes in stool Tetanus 7 to 10 days Not known TB (lungs) 3 moths to years Positive cases Toxic Effects of Drugs Drugs that may cause ototoxicity Streptomycin Gentamicin Kanamycin Neomycin Viomycin PolymylxinSulphate Drugs that may cause bone marrow depression Chloramphenicol Sulphonamides Anticancer drugs Phenylbutazone Carbimazole Rifampicin Ibuprofen Analgin Isonex Thiabendazole Griseofulvin Drugs that may cause mental depression
Aspirin Phenacetin Antibiotics Chloramphenicol Isonex Neomycin PAS Streptonamides Sulphonamides Tetracycline Antihistamine, barbiturates and sedatives Benadryl group and other Luminal Gardinal Bromides Laxatives Rhubarb Senna Cascara Vitamin Practically all Miscellaneous Nicotine Corticosteroids Alcohol Ether Oral contraceptives Ephedrine Drugs which are nephrotoxic (toxic to kidneys) Gentamicin Kanamycin Tetracycline Neomycin Nalidixic acid Rifampicin Mercurial Trimethadone Griseofulvin Viomycin Drugs that may cause Hepatotoxicity (toxic to liver) Mepacrine Chlorpromazine Tetracycline Isonex Paracetamol Nalidixic acid Ethambutol Erythromycin esolate Griseofulvin Drugs that may cause hiccups Short-acting barbiturates Muscle relaxants Diazepam Drugs that are teratogens and have adverse fetal effects during pregnancy First trimester Drug Adverse fetal effects Alcohol Fetal alcohol syndrome Cytotoxic drug Greatest risk with alkylating agents and anti- metabolities Lithium Cardiovascular anomalies Phenytoin Fetal phenytoin syndrome Synthetic progestins Virilization of female fetus Thalidomide Phocomelia Valproate Neural tube defects Warfarin Limb defects, optic atrophy, deafness Second and third trimester Alchol (large chronic dose) Fetal alcohol syndrome Analgesics Aspirin Indomethacin Narcotic analgesics Closure to ductus Closure to ductus Respiratory depression and withdrawal syndrome Antibiotics Streptomycin Chloramphenicol Tetracycline Sulphonamide Dapsone Auditory and vestibular nerve damage ‘Grey syndrome, vascular collapse’ Discoloring of primary and secondary dentition Neonatal jaundice, kernicterus Neonatal hemolysis Anticoagulants Warfarin Neonatal hemorrhage Anticonvulsive drugs Barbiturates Prolonged depressant effects Antihypertensives drugs Diazoxide Propranolol Fetal distress and impaired carbohydrate metabolism hyperglycemia Anti-psychotics Tricyclic antidepressant Benzodiazepines Neonatal irritability , fits Hypotonia/hypothermia Anti-thyroid drugs Iodides Neonatal goiter and hypothyroidism Diuretics Thiazides Fetal hyponatremia, hypokalemia, thrombocytopenia Hormones Progestogens May produce virilization of the female fetus Drugs that are contraindicated in lactating mothers Drugs Adverse effect to neonates Chloramphenicol Hemolytic anemia Cimetidine Supress gastric acidity CNS stimulant Cytotoxic agents Cyclophosphamide, amethopterin) Immune suppression Ergotamine Vomiting, diarrhea, convulsion Lithium Lethargy, hypotonia, poor feeding Tetracycline Possible brown staining of teeth Phenindione Bleeding tendency Drugs that are contraindicated during breastfeeding Drugs Reported symptoms Bromocriptine Supresses lactation Cyclophosphamide Possible immune suppression; unknown effect on growth or
association Cyclosporine Immune suppression; unknown effect on growth or association with carcinogenesis Doxorubicin Immune suppression; unknown effect on growth or association with carcinogenesis Ergotamine Vomiting, diarrhea, convulsion (doses used in migraine medication) Lithium 1/3 to 1/2 therapeutic blood concentration in infants Methotrexate Immune suppression; unknown effect on growth or association with carcinenogen;neutropenia Phenindione Anticoagulant; imcreased prothrombin and partial thromboplastin time in one infant Drugs of abuse that are contraindicated during breastfeeding Drugs Effects Amphetamine Irritability, poor sleep pattern Cocaine Cocaine intoxication Heroin Withdrawal symptoms Marijuana No effect mentioned (one literature) Nicotine (smoking) Shock, vomiting, diarrhea, rapid heart rate, restlessness, decreased milk production Phencyclidiine (PCP) Potent hallucinogen APGAR SCORING Sign 0 1 2 Heart rate Absent Slow Over 100 Respiratory effort Absent Weak, cry hypoventilation Good strong cry Muscle tone Limp Some flexion of ectremities Well flexed Reflex response Response to catheter in nostril No response grimace Sough or sneeze Color Blue, pale Body, pink extremities blue Completely pink Laboratory Values Vital Sign Blood pressure Systolic : 120 mmHg Diastolic : 80 mmHg Heart rate: 60 - 100 bpm Respiration: 12 - 20 breaths per minute Oxygen: 95% - 100% Temperature: 97.8 F - 99 F (36.6 C to 37.2 C) Renal Calcium : 9 - 11 mg/dL Magnesium : 1.5 - 2.5 mg/dL Phosphorus : 2.5 - 4.5 mg/dL Specific gravity : 1.010 - 1. CFR : 90 - 120 mL/min/ 1.73m^2 BUN : 7 - 20 mg/dL Creatinine : 0.6 - 1.2 mg/ dL Laboratory values Total cholesterol: <200 mg/dL Triglyceride: <150 mg/dL LDL : <100 mg/dL = Bad Cholesterol HDL : >60/ dL = happy Cholesterol Basal metabolic panel Sodium : 135 - 145 mEq/L Potassium : 3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L Chloride : 95 - 105 mEq/L Calcium : 9 - 11 mg/dL BUN : 7 - 20 mg/dL Albumin : 3.4 - 5.4 g/dL Total protein : 6.2 - 8.2 g/dL Liver function test ALT : 7 56 U/L AST : 5 - 40 U/L ALP : 40 - 120 U/L Bilirubin : 0.1 - 1.2 mg/dL ABG’S pH : 7.35 - 7. PaCO^2 : 35 - 45 mmHg PaO^2 : 80 - 100 mmHg HCO^3 : 22- 26 mEq/L HBAIC Non-Diabetic: 4 - 5.6% Pre-Diabetic - 5.7 - 6.4% Diabetic: >6.5% Goal for diabetic is <6.5%) Pancreas Amylase : 30 - 110 U/L Lipase : 0 - 150 U/L Complete Blood Count (CBC) WBC : 4,500 - 11, RBC : 4.5 - 5. PLT : 150,000 - 450, Blood Types Hemoglobin (HgB) Female: 12 - 16 g/dL Male: 13 - 18 g/dL Hematocrit (HCT) Female: 36% - 48% Male: 39% - 54% *remember the HCT multiply Hgb by 3 Antigen - proteins that elicit immune response identifies the cell Plasma antibodies- protects body from invaders (think ANTI) Opposite of the type of antigen that is found on the RBC A Antigen A
voice X Vagus Gag reflex XI Spinal accessory Neck motion XII Hypoglossal Tongue movement Glasgow Coma Scale Eye opening 4 Spontaneous 3 To sound 2 To pressure 1 None Verbal response 5 Oriented 4 Confused 3 Inappropriate words 2 Incomprehensible sounds 1 None Motor response 6 Obey commands 5 Localizes pain w/ purposeful movement 4 Flexion withdrawal to pain 3 Abnormal flexion 2 Extesion 1 None Glasgow Coma Scale Score Mild 13 - 15 Moderate 9 - 12 Severe 3 - 8 Dosage Calculations Times of Medication ac Before meals pc After meals daily everyday bid 2x a day tid 3x a day qid 4x a day qh Every hour Ad lib As desired Stat Immediately q2h Every 2 hours q4h Every 4 hours q6h Every 6 hours prn As needed hs At bedtime Routes of Administration PO By mouth IM Intramuscularly PR Per rectum SubQ Subcutaneously SL sublingual ID Intradermal GT Gastrostomy tube IV Intraveneous IVP Intraveneous push IVPB Intraveneous piggyback NG Nasogastric tube Drug Preparation tabs tablet caps capsule gtt drop EC Enteric coated CR Controlled released susp suspension El, elix elixir Sup, supp suppository SR Sustained released Metric G(gm, Gm) gram mg milligram mcg microgram kg (Kg) kilogram L liter mL millimeter mEq milliequivalent Apothecary and Household gtt drop Min, m, mx minim tsp teaspoon pt pint gal gallon dr dram oz ounce T, tbs, tbsp tablespoon qt Quart Medication cards color indication and timing Color Timing Time White OD once a day 8 am HS hours of sleep 8 pm or 9pm Yellow BID twice a day 8 am and 6pm Q12H every 12 hrs 6am and 6pm or 12 am and 12 pm Pink TID three times a day 8am - 1pm -6pm Q8H every 8 hrs 12am - 8am - 4pm Green QID four times a day 8am - 12pm - 4pm - 8pm Q6H every 6 hrs 12am - 6am - 12pm - 6pm Blue STAT now or immediately At the time order PRE-OP MEDS Usually 1 hr prior to OR procedure Orange Q4H every 4 hrs 12 am - 4am - 8am 12pm - 4pm - 8pm Red PRN As needed or necessary Parenteral Administraion Intradermal Uses: TB testing, allergy sensitivities and checking for medication NEEDLE SIZE: 26 - 27 gauge Should form a “bleb” 10 - 15 degree angle Subcutaneous USES: non-irritating, water-soluble medication NEEDLE SIZE: 25 - 18 gauge Do not inject more than 15 ml of solution 45 degree Angle Intramuscular
USES: irritating, solutions in oils, and aqueous suspension NEEDLE SIZE:18 - 27 gauge Do not inject more than 3 ml (2ml for the deltoid) Divide larger volumes into two syringes and use two different sites 90 degree angle Intraveneous USES: TB testing, allergy sensitivities and checking for medication NEEDLE SIZE: 26 - 27 gauge 25 degree angle Pharmacology Antibiotics/Antibacterials Broad Spectrum Antibiotics -oxacin Tetracyclines -cycline Sulfonamides sulf- Cephalosporins -cef ceph- Penicilins -cillin Aminoglycosides and macrolides -mycin Fluoroquinolones -floxacin Antivirals Antiviral (disrupts viral maturation) -virimat Antiviral (undefined group) vir- -vir Antiviral (neuraminidase inhibitors) -amivir Antiviral (acyclovir) -cyclovir HIV protease inhibitors -navir HIV / AIDS -vudine Antifungal Antifungal -azole Antihypertensives ACE inhibitors -pril Beta blockers -olol Angitensin II receptor antagonists -sartan Calcium Channel Blocker -pine -amil Vasopressin Receptor Antagonist -vaptan Alpha-1 blockers -osin Loop diuretics -ide -semide Thiazide Diuretics -thiazide Potassium sparing diuretics -actone Antihyperlipidemics HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor -statin Others Anticoagulants (Factor Xa Inhibitors) -xaban Anticoagulants (Dicumarol type) -arol Anticoagulants (hirudin -trudin type) Low-molecular-weight heparin -parin Thrombolytics (clot- buster) -teplase -ase Antiarrhythmics -arone Upper Respiratory Second-gen antihistamine (H antagonist) -adine -tirizine -ticine Nasal Decongestants -ephrine -zoline Lower Respiratory Beta 2 antagonist (BRonchodilators) -terol Xanthine Derivatives -phylline Cholinergic blockers -tropium -clindidium Immunomodulators and leukotriene modifiers -zumab -lukast Anesthetics/Anti Anxiety Local Anesthetics -caine Barbiturates (CNS depressant) -barbital Benzodiazepines -zolam -zepam Antidepressants Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) -oxetine -talopram -zodone Serotonin- norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI/DNRI) -faxine -zodone -nacipram Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) -triptyline -pramine Gastrointestinal Histamine H antagonists (H2- blockers) -tidine -dine Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) -prazole Laxatives -lax Antidiabetic Oral Hypoglucemics -ide -tide -linide Inhibitor of the DPP- enzyme -gliptin Thiazolidiinedione -glitazone Antidotes Opoids/ Narcotics Naloxone (Narcan) Warfarin Vitamin K Heparin Protamine Sulfate Digoxin Digibind Anticholinergics Physostigmine Benzodiazepines Flumazenil Cholinergic crisis (Romazicon) Acetaminophen (tylenol) Atropine (atropen)
