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1. Dashboard Summary Targets Override Conditions Question: What must be true in order for a metric-based component to be overridden by dashboard-level Summary Targets? (Choose ALL that apply) a) The component's Dynamic Location Method CANNOT be set to "None" b) The component's Data Source MUST be Dashboard Resources c) The list of Selectable Summary Levels listed for the dashboard must be the same as the list of Summary Levels listed for the component on the Data Source form d) The "Use override settings to control components on this dashboard" MUST be checked on the Resource Settings form of the dashboard Correct Answers: a, b, d Rationale: Overrides require dynamic context and permission. The component must not use a static method ("None"), must source data from Dashboard Resources, and the dashboard must have override settings enabled. Matching Summary Levels is not required for override functionality. 2. Analytics Catalog Report Visibility Question: True or False: In order for a user to see a report in the Analytics Catalog, the user and the report must have at least one report group in common. Correct Answer: True Rationale: Visibility in the Analytics Catalog is based on shared report groups. Without at least one common group, the report will not appear to the user.
3. SlicerDicer Component Visibility Question: A user creates a SlicerDicer component using "Create Component from Dashboard Options." Who can see this component when they view the dashboard? a) Any user who shares a Report Group with the component b) An administrator using the Dashboard Editor c) Any user who has access to the dashboard d) Just the user who created it Correct Answer: d Rationale: SlicerDicer components created from the dashboard are user-specific and not added to the source dashboard. Therefore, only the creator can see them in their personal view. 4. Definition of JDM Question: What is JDM? a) The study of intuitive statistics b) The study of judgment and decision-making behavior, formal decision models, and the differences between them c) Judgment and Decision Making d) The process of choosing from alternatives using logic Correct Answer: c Rationale: JDM stands for “Judgment and Decision Making,” which includes studying human behavior, formal models, and biases involved in decisions. 5. Normative Models of JDM Question: Which statement best describes normative models in JDM? a) They describe how people actually make decisions b) They are psychological theories of judgment
Question: What is the ideal process for Judgment and Decision Making? a) Use descriptive models, apply heuristics, validate decisions b) Apply normative models, identify biases, understand them, and apply prescriptive improvements c) Test decisions, reflect, retry d) Use fast and frugal trees to simplify decisions Correct Answer: b Rationale: The ideal plan combines normative evaluation, descriptive diagnosis, and prescriptive intervention to refine decision-making.
9. Categories of Normative Models Question: Which of the following is NOT one of the five main categories of normative models? a) Quantitative judgment b) Groupthink consensus evaluation c) Judgments of probability d) Expected Utility Theory (EUT) Correct Answer: b Rationale: Groupthink is not a normative model. The five categories include quantitative judgment, probability judgment, coherence across decisions, etc. 10. Expected Utility Theory (EUT) Question: Expected Utility Theory (EUT) involves: a) Describing how people behave irrationally under uncertainty b) Using intuition to assign values to outcomes c) Evaluating choices based on probabilities and utilities d) Predicting group decisions in real-time scenarios Correct Answer: c
Rationale: EUT calculates the expected value of decisions based on outcome utilities and state probabilities.
11. Cognitive Heuristics Question: Cognitive heuristics are: a) Extensive algorithms for perfect decisions b) Mathematical models of uncertainty c) Cognitive shortcuts to simplify decision-making d) Rules mandated by formal systems Correct Answer: c Rationale: Heuristics reduce cognitive load and help individuals make decisions with limited information. 12. Bounded Rationality Question: Bounded rationality refers to: a) A strategy for unbiased decisions b) The belief that all decisions are optimal c) The human limitation in processing all relevant information d) A model used in artificial intelligence only Correct Answer: c Rationale: Bounded rationality acknowledges the mental and informational limitations humans face during decision-making. 13. Model of Heuristics Question: What are the three components of a heuristic model? a) Input, process, output b) Cue identification, memory recall, choice
Question: What is the key difference between "take the best" and "tallying" heuristics? a) One is accurate; the other is not b) "Take the best" uses validity order; "tallying" uses random cue order c) "Tallying" ignores cues; "take the best" uses all cues equally d) Both use identical search patterns Correct Answer: b Rationale: “Take the best” searches cues in order of validity and stops at the first discriminating cue. “Tallying” uses random cue order and counts positive cues.
17. Choosing Heuristics Question: How do individuals typically choose which heuristic to use? a) By formally calculating expected success b) They do not consciously choose—heuristics adapt to context with feedback c) Based on social norms d) Through trial-and-error within groups Correct Answer: b Rationale: Most heuristic selection is unconscious. People adapt based on environmental feedback, experience, or evolutionary learning. 18. Robustness in Heuristics Question: What is a key characteristic of a robust heuristic? a) It uses many complex calculations b) It applies only in narrow contexts c) It can generalize to new or future situations d) It always follows majority opinion Correct Answer: c
Rationale: Robust heuristics can perform well across different and unforeseen conditions, which is critical for predictive reliability.
19. Gaze Heuristic Question: What does the gaze heuristic involve? a) Estimating direction using angles and velocity b) Predicting ball trajectory using formal equations c) Adjusting running speed to keep gaze angle constant d) Fixing gaze and not moving until prediction is clear Correct Answer: c Rationale: The gaze heuristic is a fast-and-frugal rule where athletes keep the angle of gaze constant to intercept moving objects like balls. 20. Fast and Frugal Tree Question: What is a notable advantage of fast and frugal trees in decision-making? a) They require intensive training to apply b) They offer lower sensitivity than expert physicians c) They achieve higher accuracy and fewer false positives d) They rely on large datasets and machine learning Correct Answer: c Rationale: Fast and frugal trees simplify complex decisions and can outperform experts by focusing on critical decision points, yielding high accuracy. 21. Why Use Heuristics Question: Why are heuristics useful in decision-making?
24. Bias: Cause vs. Effect Question: How has the understanding of bias changed over time? a) It was initially considered random noise but now is viewed as genetically determined b) It was once an unexplained effect and now often seen as caused by heuristics c) It was always viewed as a moral failing d) It was initially considered optimal behavior Correct Answer: b Rationale: Biases were first identified as patterns or effects, and are now frequently explained as resulting from specific heuristics. 25. Origins of Biases Question: Where do many biases originate? a) Faulty formal models b) Poor education systems c) Consequences of heuristic use d) Social media influence Correct Answer: c Rationale: Biases often arise as natural side-effects of using heuristics, especially under conditions of uncertainty or limited information. 26. Pros and Cons of Heuristics Question: Which is a valid advantage and disadvantage of heuristics? a) + Simple and accurate / – Require more time b) + Require less information / – May lead to errors c) + Eliminate all biases / – Too complex d) + Easy to code / – Not adaptive
Correct Answer: b Rationale: Heuristics save cognitive effort and often yield good results but may also result in systematic errors or biases.
27. Representative Heuristic Question: What describes the representative heuristic? a) Judging the likelihood by how well it matches existing stereotypes b) Estimating probability by recalling similar past events c) Judging value by known labels d) Estimating probability based on feelings Correct Answer: a Rationale: The representative heuristic evaluates probabilities based on similarity or how representative something appears, which can lead to errors. 28. Availability Heuristic Question: The availability heuristic is used when people: a) Match outcomes to mathematical predictions b) Choose based on popularity c) Judge frequency or probability by how easily examples come to mind d) Avoid unfamiliar situations Correct Answer: c Rationale: People use ease of recall to estimate how likely or frequent something is, which can skew judgment if vivid examples are misleading. 29. Anchoring and Adjustment Question: Anchoring and adjustment refers to:
Where is it possible to set the default time intervals for a resource-based component? Choose ALL answers that apply. a) Metric Editor b) Dashboard Editor c) Resource Editor d) Component Editor – ANSWERS-b, d Default date ranges can be set in the Dashboard Editor on the Resource Settings form, or in the Component Editor on the Data Source form. True or False: In a user's RW security class, you can specify individual reports the user has access to.
- ANSWERS-False A security class does not grant access to content. Instead, each security point is a piece of functionality like the ability to create new reports, personalize a dashboard view, or export data from SlicerDicer. Two users run the same report. One user sees an action, for example the Letter action, at the top of the report but the second user does not see the action. Why might this be? Choose ALL that apply. a) They have different report groups assigned in their user records b) They have different security points assigned in their RW Security Classes c) They have different user security d) they have different action groups assigned in their user records
- ANSWERS-c, d All actions in the toolbar of the RW results viewer are either Activity actions or Extension-based actions. Activity actions rely on user security to determine access, while Extension-based actions rely on Action Groups.
One of your users is dissatisfied with the In Basket Glance component on their dashboard. They would like a link to go directly to In Basket. You have determined that the activity descriptor for In Basket is IB_MAIN. What is the appropriate action to create a link in a link component? a) Enter IB_MAIN in the URL field on the Output Format form b) Enter IB_MAIN in the Parameters field on the Output Format form c) Enter IB_MAIN in the Label field on the Output Format form d) Enter IB_MAIN in the Report field on the Output Format form
- ANSWERS-b The parameters field on the Output Format form only shows up if you choose to insert a link of type "Activity". This is the field which accepts an Activity Descriptor as a valid argument. True or False: All users must have Action Groups set up in their User Record in order to run RW reports.
- ANSWERS-False The ability to run reports is a piece of functionality, and is therefore controlled by your security points, not your Action Groups. Why would someone want to use Reporting Workbench in place of SlicerDicer?
- ANSWERS-Real time data. If you need to see changes that were made today. Who needs a Provider (SER) record?
- ANSWERS-C- has Credentials A- Authorizes orders R- can be Referred to or send referrals S- can be Scheduled What is the name of the tool used to look up info about Epic released reporting? - ANSWERS-Report Repository
serial processing - CORRECT ANS-information-processing approach assumes that decision making is serial (one thought follows and is influenced by another) heuristic judgement + choice strategies - CORRECT ANS--sacrificing- in order of which alternatives are considered can greatly impact the alternatives selected; decisions will not consider reasoned trade-offs among conflicting objectives--payoff schemes
- redefinition-solve difficult judgement problems by attributing substitutions, may potentially neglect relevant information in terms of prior probabilities methodological things - CORRECT ANS-emphasizes the study of how heuristics are made, not just what decisions are made
- 'process-tracing'- one of the most popular methods used by decision researchers computational models of decision making
- what are they - CORRECT ANS--made from simple units that conform to a small number of elementary principles of cognition two major types of models - CORRECT ANS--feedforward models- learning from experiences - recursive models- performance is key how does the brain make decisions - CORRECT ANS-big black box, Little information about how it processed information
- decisions in the brain=based on the dynamic accumulation of noisy activities for each action decision field theory (DTF) - CORRECT ANS--sequential sampling process to make decisions
- applied to a variety of decision-making problems
- think about various possible consequences of each action Contributions to decision theory - CORRECT ANS--more complex than the algebraic models that were used in the first place
- argument against computational models and have little to show for their increased complexity similarity effect - CORRECT ANS-the effect, on choice probabilities, produced by adding a competitive option D to the choices of A and C
- D is very similar to C (C likeliness to be chosen decreased as likeliness of A is unaffected) - violated 'independence of irrelevant alternatives" attraction effect - CORRECT ANS-the effect of adding a decoy option F to the options of A and C
- the decoy F is similar to, but also dominated by option C
- adding the decoy F increased probability of picking C when F is there
- violates regularity principle compromise effect - CORRECT ANS-the effect of adding an intermediate option B to the options of A and C
- The compromise B, is halfway between A and C
- increased the probability of choosing B over both A and C
- violated independence between irrelevant alternative principles alternative models - CORRECT ANS--competing accumulator model: similar to DFT, connectionist network
- ECHO model: connectionist network, external driver-the goal is to make a decision--problem is presented and driver is turned on, decision process stops when the changes in activation are lower than the threshold inside probability judgement - CORRECT ANS-probability judgements based on knowledge or belief about the properties of a specific horse outside probability judgement - CORRECT ANS-thinking of outcome as a member of a set of events or possibilities, basing judgements on an appropriate probabilities
- assessing or weighting probabilities: people often don't look at probabilities, don't seek out info about the probability of things occurring especially with low probabilities challenge of complexity - CORRECT ANS-how many variables have to be considered and how deeply they interact for the prediction task at hand
- cognitive simplification: bounded rationality, need to simplify the world
- dynamic complexity: cross- sectional complexity; how variables relate at a given point in time, time elements and possible feedback tools to improve prediction - CORRECT ANS-LL: unbiased point estimates might be good enough HL: possible outcomes can be clearly identified and probabilities can be assigned with relative confidence LH: work backwards to see what assumptions and interim achievements would be required to achieve a particular end state HH: focus should be on exploration and learning rather than no trying to synthesize whatever meager knowledge exists into a single point forecast or univariate range scenario planning - CORRECT ANS-conjunction fallacy: assuming that a set of specific conditions occurring together is more common than a single more general one Goal: to blend the known and the unknown into a limited number of internally consistent views of the future that span a wide range of possibilities how to develop scenarios - CORRECT ANS-1. define the scope: set a time frame and scope of analysis
- identify the issue- who has interest and who is affected
- identify basic trends
- identify key uncertainties
- construct initial scenario themes
limitations of scenario planninng - CORRECT ANS--subjective
- high use of heuristics
- not much research on the performance and theoretical premises of the model expertise - CORRECT ANS-experts have achieved a rate of proficiency in a domain that most of their peers have not nature of expertise - CORRECT ANS-research on the nature of expertise has been in either -- laboratory bases, precision to approximate natural performance of experts under controlled conditions
- naturalistic approach, examine expertise in a natural setting to study people performing tasks under conditions that are typical for their workplace how do we know what that expertise has been developed - CORRECT ANS--performance becomes consistent, accurate, and efficient
- individuals acts and judgements are integrated into overall strategies
- focus on isolated variables shift to perception of complex patterns
- increased self-reliance and ability to form new strategies as needed skills of experts - CORRECT ANS--perceptual skills- the ability to make fine discrimination
- routines and knowing how
- declarative knowledge
- detect problems
- find leverage points
- manage uncertainties how do experts learn - CORRECT ANS-1. engaging in deliberate practice and setting specific goals and evaluation criteria
- compiling extensive experience
