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CNIH ENTRANCE EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS UPDATED (202 5 /202 6 )
(VERIFIED ANSWERS)
Large intestine consists of.. - ANS ✓Ascending, transverse and descending colon Gallbladder - ANS ✓bile salts break down fats liver - ANS ✓produces bile Bile is stored in the.. - ANS ✓Gallbladder Pancreas - ANS ✓produces sodium bicarbonate to raise pH and prevent chyme from destroying intestines Lipase - ANS ✓breaks own lipids Trypsin/Pepsin - ANS ✓Breaks down proteins Pancreatic Amylase - ANS ✓Breaks down starch Peptidase - ANS ✓breaks down oligopeptides into amino acids
Duodenum - ANS ✓pancreatic and bile ducts secrete here Jejunum - ANS ✓breaks down remaining proteins and carbs. Has more folds/glands than duodenum Ileum - ANS ✓Contains fewer smaller villi. Absorbs nutrients, pushes material into large intestine Villi - ANS ✓projections in small intestine Sphincters - ANS ✓Regulate movement of food into/out of stomach Sphincter out of Stomach - ANS ✓Pyloric Sphincter into stomach - ANS ✓Gastroesophageal Saliva contains.. - ANS ✓Salivary amylase, H2O, mucous Homeostasis - ANS ✓Internal equilibrium maintained by the body despite external/internal changes Mechanical Digestion - ANS ✓Chewing to break down food into small pieces Chemical Digestion - ANS ✓Obtaining nutrients from food by use of enzymes Accessory organs of digestion - ANS ✓Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas Main organs of digestion (5) - ANS ✓Mouth, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine,
Which fats are solid at room temp? - ANS ✓Saturated Which fats are liquid at room temp? - ANS ✓Unsaturated and Polyunsaturated enzymes - ANS ✓act as catalysts and help speed up reactions in body Proteins - polypeptides made up of.. - ANS ✓amino acids Your body can make all but how many amino acids? - ANS ✓ 8 Essential Amino Acids - ANS ✓Amino acids your body cannot make from simpler products Complex carbohydrates - ANS ✓polysaccharides made of simple sugar subunits glucose - ANS ✓monosaccharide made from photosynthesis monosaccharides examples - ANS ✓glucose, fructose, galactose disaccharide - ANS ✓two monosaccharides bond together, formed by dehydration synthesis (condensation) another word for condensation - ANS ✓dehydration synthesis (water is produced as the reaction takes place) Macromolecule - ANS ✓larger molecule made of monomers Anabolic rxn - ANS ✓Assembling
Catabolic rxn - ANS ✓Disassembling, makes monomers Atom - ANS ✓smallest whole unit of matter molecule - ANS ✓made when atoms join together Symbiosis - ANS ✓when two organisms live close together and atleast one benefits Mutualism - ANS ✓both benefit Parasitism - ANS ✓one feeds or lives on the other, one is a host Commensalism - ANS ✓One benefits and the other is not affected Monoculture - ANS ✓crops grown in fields of only one type of plant Extirpation - ANS ✓habitat loss and pollution which can lead to species loss in a particular region Cytoplasm - ANS ✓jelly like substance that surrounds organelles and provides chemicals Vacuole - ANS ✓sacs that store food and water for cells Lysosome - ANS ✓vacuole with digestive enzymes, breaks down food and controls cell death
dependent variable - ANS ✓the variable being measured, responds to changes Controlled Experiment - ANS ✓Experiment that involves only ONE independent variable and multiple controlled variables Importance of Biodiversity - ANS ✓More biodiversity = more resistant to change Biological Species Concept - ANS ✓All living organisms capable of freely breeding with eachother under natural conditions and producing fertile offspring Dichotomous Key - ANS ✓Identification that uses a series of paired comparisons to sort organisms into smaller groups based on characteristics until the organism is defined. Carl Linnaeus - ANS ✓father of traditional taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature - ANS ✓method of naming (Genus, species) Clade - ANS ✓Taxonomic group that includes a common ancestor and all its descendants Hierarchy of groups is..? - ANS ✓Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species Cell wall is absent in which groups - ANS ✓Protista and Animalia Prokaryote - ANS ✓Single celled organism that does not include cell membrane bound organelles or a true nucleus
Eukaryote - ANS ✓Organism that has cells containing membrane bound organelles Autotrophs - ANS ✓Synthesize their own food such as through photosynthesis Heterotrophs - ANS ✓Consumes other organisms for nutrients Peptidoglycan - ANS ✓A chemical present in some cell walls that can be used to classify organisms. Many layers of peptidoglycan will stain "gram-positive" Aerobic - ANS ✓requires oxygen for growth and development. Anaerobic - ANS ✓Do not require or live in oxygen Obligate anaerobes - ANS ✓Die in oxygen Facultative anaerobes - ANS ✓can live with or without oxygen Bacilli bacteria shape - ANS ✓Rod shaped platelets - ANS ✓small fragments of larger cells produced in bone marrow that initiate clotting Leukocyte (wbc) - ANS ✓Protect against invading microorganisms Erythrocyte (rbc) - ANS ✓Contain hgb and enables cell to bind oxygen molecules
Vital lung capacity - ANS ✓Maximum volume of gas that can be expired after maximum inspiration Residual Capacity - ANS ✓Volume of gas leftover after maximum expiration Expiratory Reserve Volume - ANS ✓Maximum gas that can be expired beyond end of a tidal inspiration Tidal Volume - ANS ✓Volume of gas inspired and expired during an unforced breath Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) during - ANS ✓Expiration Diaphragm contracts (moves down) during - ANS ✓Inspiration Diffusion - ANS ✓Movement of material from higher conc. to lower conc. Larger Surface Area = increase in diffusion rate - ANS ✓True External Respiration - ANS ✓Breathing Respiratory System - ANS ✓System of gas exchange Internal Respiration - ANS ✓Production of energy through cellular respiration Trachea - ANS ✓Passageway for air
Larynx - ANS ✓Vocal chords Pharynx - ANS ✓air travels through, connects oral/nasal cavities to larynx Main component of feces - ANS ✓Cellulose Cocci bacteria shape - ANS ✓Round shaped Strepto bacteria form.. - ANS ✓chains Horizontal Gene transfer - ANS ✓Species takes DNA from a different species The process through which eukaryotic cells evolved - ANS ✓Serial EndoSymbiosis Endosymbiont - ANS ✓The cell that lives within the host haploid - ANS ✓one set of chromosomes Chromosomes are visible under microscope at the end of what phase? - ANS ✓prophase protosomes - ANS ✓mouth forms before anus Deuterostomes - ANS ✓Anus forms before mouth Chordates - ANS ✓Internal skeleton of bone and cartilage, contain a notochord
Purines have... - ANS ✓Double rings G0 phase - ANS ✓Cell exits the cell cycle and can re enter at any point G1 phase - ANS ✓Cellular contents except chromosomes are duplicated S phase - ANS ✓DNA synthesis - each chromosome is duplicated G2 phase - ANS ✓Cell checks duplicated chromosomes for errors making any repairs needed Mototic phase - ANS ✓Composed of mitosis then cytokinesis Mitosis - ANS ✓Cell division - prophase to telophase Prophase - ANS ✓Longest phase, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disassemble, chromatin coils, centrioles move toward poles. Prometaphase - ANS ✓Centrosome becomes more defined and spindle fibres attach to centromeres Metaphase - ANS ✓Chromatids line up along equatorial plate of the cell Anaphase - ANS ✓Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite ends of cell Telophase - ANS ✓Centrosome and spindle fibres disassemble, nuclear membrane and nucleolus reform, chromosomes uncoil.
Cytokinesis - ANS ✓Not part of mitosis - cell membrane pinches into two identical daughter cells Number of chromosomes in human - ANS ✓ 46 Number chromosomes in each gamete - ANS ✓ 23 Female chromosomes - ANS ✓X and X Male chromosomes - ANS ✓X and Y All chromosome other than sex chromosomes - ANS ✓Autosomes Meiosis - ANS ✓Process of reducing chromosome set from diploid to haploid and producing gametes Character - ANS ✓Heritable feature Trait - ANS ✓A possible variant for a characteristic Alleles - ANS ✓Alternative versions of genes Genotype - ANS ✓The genetic makeup of alleles (GG) Phenotype - ANS ✓The outward expression of the genotype (green seed) How do you find out the genotype of a parent with dominant trait present? - ANS ✓Mate the unknown parent with a homozygous recessive parent and the offspring reveals the genotype.
Evolution - ANS ✓Scientific theory that describes changes in species over time and shared ancestry Theory - ANS ✓Attempts to explain observations in the world based on evidence, has been repeatedly tested and accepted James Hutton - ANS ✓Developed theory of gradualism George's Cuvier - ANS ✓Developed theory of catastrophism Charles lyle - ANS ✓Developed Theory of uniformitarianism J Baptist Lamarck - ANS ✓Developed Mechanics of Evolution - belief that complex species forms progresses from lower forms Charles Darwin - ANS ✓Gave evolution a mechanism: NATURAL SELECTION Vestigial structure - ANS ✓Structures that serve no useful purpose in an organism Sexual dimorphism - ANS ✓When males and females of the same species look different Sexual reproduction evolved because it creates? - ANS ✓Biodiversity and makes species more resistant to change Speciation - ANS ✓Formation of a new species from existing species. Also called macro evolution
Allopatric speciation - ANS ✓Evolution of populations into separate species as result of geographic isolation
