Historical Perspectives on Child Psychopathology: A Developmental Approach, Study notes of Psychology

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Child Psychopathology

Abnormal Child Psychology

Clinical Child Psychology

Kln. Psk. Dr. Başak Alpas

Historical Views

of

Child Psychopathology:

From a Developmental Perspectives

1. Recognition of Childhood as a Distinct Period of Development-

Çocukluğun ayrı bir gelişimsel periyod olarak tanınması- Before the 15 th^ century, children with 5 and 6 years of age

• As miniature adults or homunculi “little men”
• Problems and benefiting treatments are similar adults.
• Non personality traits, word, school, language, clothes, playing activity, toy
• 15. yy öncesinde çocuklar kendilerine özgü kişilik özellikleri taşımayan “Küçük Erginler, Cüceler, Minyatür Adamlar” olarak ele alındıkları,
• Çocuğu tanımlayacak ve erişkinlerden ayırt edecek sözcükler, okul, giyecek, oyuncak, problemler, ve tedavi yöntemlerinin olmadığı bilinmektedir.
• For family economy (farms, shops)- child labor- çocuk işçiler-:

Aile ekonomisine katkı için çocuk işçi olarak çalıştırılıyorlardı.

• Renaissance educators and scholars (15 th^ C.) Rönesans Dönemi
• Responsibility of parenting to educate (17 th^ C., John Locke) “Çocuğun eğitiminden ailenin sorumlu olduğu dönem”
• Childhood is innocence period (18 th^ C. Jean-Jacques Rousseau) “Çocukluk, masum / suçsuz bir dönemdir”

Philippe Ariẻs (1960) “Eski dönemlerde çocuk ve aile yaşamı”

1. Recognition of Childhood as a Distinct Period of

Development

2. Industrialization and the Social Reform

Movements (early 20 th^ C.):

• First psychology clinic established by Witmer for treat children with learning disabilities in 1896 (ilk psikoloji kliniği, öğrenme güçlüğü olan çocukların tedavisi için) by 1909 more than 450 cases
• First normative data scale of Binet-Simon intelligence for children developed by Alfred Binet in 1905 (çocuklar için ilk normative zekâ ölçeği) later Terman revised form – Stanford-Binet in 1917
• First journal - Psychological Clinic- launched, a residential school established for children with mental retardation by Witmer in 1907 (ilk psikolojik dergi ve zekâ geriliği için ilk özel eğitim merkezi kuruldu).

2. Industrialization and the Social Reform

Movements (early 20 th^ C.): Freudian Girişimler

• In 1908 Goddard opened first clinical internship training program at the Vineland Training for individuals with mental retardation
• In 1909, Hall (president of APA) invites Sigmund Freud for psychoanalysis lecture at Clark University
• First Child Guidance Clinic “Juvenile Psychopathic Institute” established by Healey in 1909

influence of Freud’s theory for preventing and treating child mental illness.

3. Building Structures in Support of Social Reform: Destek

Kurumların Yapılanması

• A change from identification of problem to training and treatment (tedavi ve eğitim için problemin belirlenmesi)
• In 1933 ➨ 42 child guidance clinics a wide variety of locations: schools, universities, hospitals
• In 1948 ➨ 54 child guidance clinics shaped by American Association of Psychiatric Clinics for Children (AAPCC)
• A similar shift in child advocacy movement

In 1959 ➨ United Nations Declaration on Child Rights In 1960 ➨ White House Conference for Children and Adolescent (about infrastructure necessary to support this movement)

Resilience (Dayanıklılık): Zorlukların Karşısında Güçlü Olma

• Risk factors: Çocuğun yaşamındaki olumsuz sonuçların artması
• Protective factors: Bu olumsuz sonuçlardan korunma

Resilience (Dayanıklılık – Güçlülük): Sosyo-ekolojik modelin tüm düzeylerindeki (birey, mikrosistem (aile) ve ekosistem (toplum) kaşılıklı etkileşimin güçlendirilmesi ile artırılmaktadır.

Child Psychopathology was not conceptualized until the 1970s

• Growing popularity of child guidance clinics
• Increasing recognition of clinics designed for children
• Establishing as a single discipline of

Child Psychopathology, or Clinical Child Psychology

encountered

4 important barriers

1. The Nature / Nurture Debate (Genetik / Çevre):

• Theories of child development deeply rooted in the debate nature versus nurture genetics or environmental influences
• Began in the 17 th^ C.: John Locke (environmental side)

importance of parental nurturing child begin “tabula rasa”

• Çocuk yaşama boş bir levha gibi başlar; gelişiminde ailenin ve çevrenin etkisinin önemini vurgular”

2. The Disease Model of pathology based on biological perspectives (patolojinin hastalık olarak ele alınması)

• Hipocrates’ Humoral Pathology (kan, mukus, safra, koyu safra)
• growing beliefs for mental illness is a biological basis
• At the end of 19 th^ C., Kraepelin published a textbook in 1883:
• Physical ailments could cause mental dysfunction
• Some practitioners feared and misunderstood: transmitted disease or passed on genetically to offspring

many adults and children with mental retardation were institutionalized -deplorable conditions -for the next half century

3. IQ Testing Movement Zekâ Bölümünü Test Etme Hareketi - until the mid-1960s -

Psikologların amacı Zekâ Geriliği olan çocukları tedavi etmekten yerine belirleyerek hastane ya da okullarda çok kötü koşullar altında çıplak ya da yarı çıplak olarak depolamaktı.

4. Adult versus Child Perspective Erişkin Bakış Açısından Çocuğun tedavi ve değerlendirilmesi)

In 19 th^ C.: Clinicians who treated children primarily work with adult patients need methods for developmental populations

Because psychopathological characteristics features of child disorders differ from adult disorders