Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Prepare for your exams
Study with the several resources on Docsity
Earn points to download
Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan
Community
Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts
Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users
Free resources
Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors
Class: MICB - Microbiology; Subject: Microbiology; University: Queens University; Term: Forever 1989;
Typology: Quizzes
1 / 19
This page cannot be seen from the preview
Don't miss anything!
Sum of all biochemical reactions in an organismincludes chemical reactions that break down complex molecules ( catabolism ) and those that build complex molecules ( anabolism ). TERM 2
DEFINITION 2
DEFINITION 3 Breakdown large molecules - broken down into smaller molecules TERM 4
DEFINITION 4 small molecules - large moleculesEnderorganic TERM 5
DEFINITION 5 Anabolic reactionRequire energy
Produce energy into ATP TERM 7
DEFINITION 7 Large molecules - Catabolic reaction - Small molecules +ATP
DEFINITION 8 Energy and carbon TERM 9
DEFINITION 9
DEFINITION 10 convert inorganic carbon dioxide into organic carbon;
Energy source is light and carbon source inorganic All plants, algae, cyanobacteria, green and purple sulfur bacteria TERM 17
DEFINITION 17 Energy source is light and carbon source is organic Green and purple nonsulfur bacteria, heliobacteria TERM 18
DEFINITION 18 Energy often transferred between molecules through high- energy electronsCellular electron carriers accept high-energy electrons from foods and later serve as electron donors in subsequent redox reactions. FAD/FADH2, NAD+/NADH , and NADP+/NADPH are important electron carriers. TERM 19
DEFINITION 19 Lost electrons part of hydrogen TERM 20
DEFINITION 20 Gained electrons part of hydrogen and redox reactions
Adenosine triphosphates an organic compound and hydrotrope that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) serves as the energy currency of the cell, safely storing chemical energy in its two high-energy phosphate bonds for later use to drive processes requiring energy. TERM 22
DEFINITION 22 Ribose sugar, adenine and phosphate group TERM 23
DEFINITION 23 Used as energy currency in the cells Used to couple exergonic (make ATP) to endergonic (require ATP) reactions TERM 24
DEFINITION 24 Adenne + Ribose TERM 25
DEFINITION 25 ~3x10^6 ATP/sec to supply energy needs
Enzymes made of RNA TERM 32
DEFINITION 32 Binds at a enzymes active sitea competitive inhibitor most structurally resembleThis process typically alters the structures of both the active site and the substrate, favoring transition-state formation; this is known as induced fit. TERM 33
DEFINITION 33
DEFINITION 34 Some enzymes require additional non-protein factors to function properly TERM 35
DEFINITION 35 Inorganic substance (e.g. ions- Mg2+,Zn2+)are inorganic ions that stabilize enzyme conformation and function
small organic mole (e.g. NAD+FAD)organic molecules that help enzymes workcorrectlyare organic molecules required for proper enzyme function and are often derived from vitamins. TERM 37
DEFINITION 37 Enzyme lacks cofactor/coenzyme (inactive)An enzyme lacking a cofactor or coenzyme TERM 38
DEFINITION 38 Enzyme is bound to cofactor/coenzyme (active) TERM 39
DEFINITION 39 Cofactor or coenzyme > activation>substrate1. Aponenzyme becomes active by binding of coenyme or cofactor to enzyme2. Holoenzymes is formed when associated cofactor or coenzyme binds to the enzyme's active site TERM 40
DEFINITION 40 Enzymes lower E(activation E ) needed to break /form chemical bonds required in chemical reactionSubstrate binds to active site in a way in which bonds are more likely to be broken/formed
Enzyme activity > Optimum temperature >Denature TERM 47
DEFINITION 47 Enzyme is denature at low temperatureDenature enzyme is not going to function TERM 48
DEFINITION 48 At low kinetic energy there are few interaction between enzymes and substrateDecrease in temperature = decrease Energy TERM 49
DEFINITION 49 Enzyme Activity > optimum ph > PH TERM 50
DEFINITION 50 Denaturation
Increase concentration - Plateau TERM 52
DEFINITION 52 all enzyme activity sites are full TERM 53
DEFINITION 53 inhibitor binds at active site - substrate cant bindTo be effective [ inhibitor] needs to be ~ equal to [ substrate]regulate enzymes by binding to an enzymes active site, preventing substrate binding. TERM 54
DEFINITION 54 allosteric inhibition - inhibitor binds to allosteric site (allosteric) inhibitors bind to allosteric sites , inducing a conformational change in the enzyme that prevents it from functioning. TERM 55
DEFINITION 55 Binding of inhibitor to allosteric site causes active site to change shapeCan be less than substrate
Requires oxygena cell requires oxygen as the final electron acceptor.A cell also needs a complete Krebs cycle, an appropriate cytochrome oxidase, and oxygen detoxification enzymes to prevent the harmful effects of oxygen radicals produced during aerobic respiration. TERM 62
DEFINITION 62 Doesnot require O2Use alternative electron transport system carriers for the ultimate transfer of electrons to the final non- oxygen electron acceptors. TERM 63
DEFINITION 63 incomplete breakdown of carbohydrate produces less energyMany bacteria cells in multicellular organisms Fermentation uses an organic molecule as a final electron acceptor to regenerate NAD+ from NADH so that glycolysis can continue. Fermentation does not involve an electron transport system, and no ATP is made by the fermentation process directly. Fermenters make very little ATPonly two ATP molecules per glucose molecule during glycolysis. TERM 64
DEFINITION 64 C6H1206 Glucose >6CO2+6H20+ ATP TERM 65
DEFINITION 65 Breakdown of glucose is one key E-releasing chemical reactions in most organisms1 mole of glucose has 686, cal of energyAerobic cellular respiration harvest ~40% of this energymolecules is not produced during the breakdown of phospholipids
Breakdown of 1 glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvates (3C)Take place in the cytosol1 glucose > 2 pyruates Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose, resulting in the formation of ATP, which is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation ; NADH; and two pyruvate molecules.Glycolysis does not use oxygen and is not oxygen dependent. TERM 67
DEFINITION 67
DEFINITION 68 Most commonly, glycolysis occurs by the EMP pathway. TERM 69
DEFINITION 69 uses up to 2 ATPs +4ATP - 2 ATP = +2 ATP TERM 70
DEFINITION 70 A P group is transferred from a hi-E metabolite to ADP, producing ATP
Oxidized H-C-O-P-O>6. Removed H(e) > reduced NAD++Pi NADH+H+7. 1,3-bisphospho-glycerate - ADP ATP - Substrate level phosphorylation 8.- 3-phosphoglycerate >9.2- phosphoglycerate > 10.Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) TERM 77
DEFINITION 77 x2 for every glucose that cellular respirationDoes not produce any ATP directlyNADH are produced1. Pyruvate - A carboxyl group is removed from pyruvate releasing carbon dioxide2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH3. An acetyl group is transferred to coenzyme A, resulting in acetyl CoAATP not made by substrate-level phosphorylation TERM 78
DEFINITION 78 takes place along cell membraneCytoplasmThe cytoplasmic membraneis the location of electron transports systems in prokaryotesIn prokaryotes, hydrogen ions pumped by the electron transport system of photosynthetic membranesto the outside of the plasma membrane TERM 79
DEFINITION 79 Happens inside mitochondria matrixMitchochondrial matrix TERM 80
DEFINITION 80 oxidized to acetyl-CoACo2 is released (1 pyruvate >2 acetyl- CoA) - making bread riseproducts is made during Embden- Meyerhof glycolysismolecule typically serves as the final electron acceptor during fermentationnot a commercially important fermentation product?
Start pyruvate end acetyl -CoANo ATP provided directly TERM 82
DEFINITION 82 2X for every glucose that entered cellular respirationAlso called the citric acid cycleProkaryotes- cytoplasmEukaryotes- mitochondrial matrixProduces ATP and NADPH + FAD H2Glucose completely broken down into Co TERM 83
DEFINITION 83 Some of the protein complexes contain H+ channels - Energy obtained from e-transfer is used to pump H+ to one side of the membraneis composed of a series of membrane-associated protein complexes and associated mobile accessory electron carriers.The ETS is embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane of prokaryotes and the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes. TERM 84
DEFINITION 84 E is now stored asElectrochemical gradient of H+ ions - Proton motive force (PMF) TERM 85
DEFINITION 85 Made of 24 polypeptides
The loss of an electron from a molecule is
