Download BSIT Midterm Examination Reviewer: Introduction to Computing and more Cheat Sheet Computer Science in PDF only on Docsity!
I need you to hear me when I say that there is no career path
that comes free of negativity. If you’re being met with
resistance, that probably means that you’re doing something
new. If you’re experiencing turbulence or pressure, that
probably means you’re rising. And there might be times when
you put your whole heart and soul into something, and it is
met with cynicism or skepticism. You cannot let that crush
you. You have to let it fuel you. Because we live in a world
where anyone has the right to say anything that they want
about you at anytime. But just, please remember that you have
the right to prove them wrong.
POINTERS TO REVIEW
MODULE 1: History of Computing MODULE 2: Careers in the Computing Industry MODULE 3: Computer Systems Architecture MODULE 4: Computer Assembly and Disassembly MODULE 5: Web Development Fundamentals MODULE 6: Introduction to Web Development
MODULE 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTING
ABACUS
❏ Earliest known tools for performing calculations ❏ Ancient civilizations such as the Sumerians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans ❏ Reflects the fundamental human desire to find efficient ways to solve mathematical problems ❏ Series of rods or wires, each containing movable beads. ❏ Beads can be manipulated to represented numbers, enabling users to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division ❏ Fostered cognitive development, honed their math skills, visualized numbers, and a deeper understanding of arithmetic concepts
SUANPAN
❏ Chinese abacus
SOROBAN
❏ Japanese abacus
ANTIKYTHERA MECHANISM
❏ World’s first analog computer ❏ Ancient greek device for astronomical calculations and predictions ❏ Intricate gears and mechanisms were a marvel of mechanical engineering
NAPIER BONES
❏ Early 17th Century, John Napier introduced logarithms ❏ Sets of numbered rods that facilitated multiplication and division
SLIDE RULE
❏ Developed in the 17th Century ❏ Logarithmic scales and sliding mechanisms to perform calculations involving multiplication, division, and more complex mathematical operations
PASCAL’S PASCALINE
❏ Blaise Pascal, early 17th Century ❏ Perform addition and subtraction with remarkable accuracy ❏ Series of toothed wheels that represented digits ❏ Each wheel could rotate, and when the device was operated with input values, it mechanically carried out the arithmetic operations
LEIBNIZ’S STEPPED RECKONER
❏ Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz ❏ Perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division ❏ Utilized a stepped drum mechanism, with each step representing a digit ❏ Users could input input values via gears and perform calculations by rotating the drums
AUTOMATION OF
COMPLEX CALCULATIONS
❏ Laborious and error-prone when done manually ❏ Reducing human error and speeding up the calculation process
ENHANCED ACCURACY AND PRECISION
❏ Higher precision in calculations ❏ Eliminated the risks of transcription errors, leading to more reliable results
❏ Traditional manual methods were time-consuming and limited in scope ❏ Breakthroughs in cryptography, coupled with the computational power of emerging digital computers
ENIGMA MACHINE
❏ Used by German military to encrypt communications
BOMBE MACHINE
❏ Bletchley Park in the United Kingdom ❏ Developed by Alan Turing and other brilliant minds ❏ Electromechanical device designed to automate the decryption of Enigma-encrypted messages ❏ Remarkable achievement in automating codebreaking, significantly reducing the time required to decode messages
COLOSSUS
❏ Designed by British engineer, Tommy Flowers ❏ One of the world’s first programmable digital computers ❏ Built to decrypt Lorenz cipher messages used by the German high command ❏ Employing vacuum tubes to process data at unprecedented speeds
ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR
AND COMPUTER (ENIAC)
❏ Atlantic, United States ❏ Not directly used for wartime code breaking ❏ Completed after the war, world’s first general-purpose programmable digital computer, capable of performing a wide range of calculations ❏ Used for calculations for the development of the hydrogen bomb, scientific research, and even weather prediction
SILICON VALLEY: THE INNOVATION HUB
❏ Located in the San Francisco Bay Area ❏ Emerged as a hotbed of technological innovation due to several key factors
KEY FACTORS
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION
❏ Presence of prestigious universities like Stanford and UC Berkeley attracted brilliant minds in fields such as electronics, engineering, and computer science
SEMICONDUCTOR REVOLUTION
❏ Integrated circuit, or microchip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce in the late 1950s revolutionized electronics ❏ Allowed for the miniaturization of components ❏ Paved the way for the development of powerful yet compact computers
ENTREPRENEURIAL SPIRIT
❏ Encouraged entrepreneurship and risk-taking ❏ Own companies, driving innovation and competition
PERSONAL COMPUTING
❏ Power of computing directly to individuals’ homes and workplaces, transforming how people worked, communicated, and accessed information
ALTAIR 8800
❏ Released in the mid-1970s ❏ Marked the beginning of personal computing ❏ Captured the imagination of hobbyists and entrepreneurs, including a young Bill Gates and Paul Allen
APPLE AND THE
HOME COMPUTER REVOLUTION
❏ Apple I and Apple II ❏ User-friendly interfaces to personal computing ❏ Graphical user interface (GUI) and the use of a mouse made computers more accessible to a wider audience
XEROX’S PALO ALTO
RESEARCH CENTER (PARC)
❏ Developed many pioneering technologies, including the graphical user interface and the mouse during the 1970s
❏ Created a computer called the Xerox Alto, which featured these innovations ❏ Steve Jobs and a small group of Apple engineers visited Xerox PARC in 1979 ❏ Jobs and his team were inspired by what they saw and used these ideas as inspiration for Apple’s Lisa and Macintosh computers ❏ Apple refined and popularized the GUI concepts = incorporating them into their products ❏ Introduced graphical interfaces to a wider audience and was instrumental in shaping the future of personal computing
IBM PC
❏ Released in 1981 ❏ Solidified personal computer’s place in businesses and homes ❏ Open architecture allowed compatibility = leading to the development of a vast software ecosystem
MICROSOFT AND
THE OPERATING SYSTEM
❏ Pivotal role in the personal computing revolution, providing a standardized platform for software development
86-DOS
❏ Late 1970s ❏ Created by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products (SCP) ❏ BEFORE Microsoft purchased the rights to 86-DOS from SCP, they initially presented it to IBM as a potential operating system for the IBM PC
MS-DOS
❏ Crucial component for IBM’s first personal computer, the IBM PC, released in 1981 ❏ In 1980 (IBM was developing their first personal computer), they needed an operating system ❏ Microsoft, led by Bill Gates, approached IBM and proposed using 86-DOS for the IBM PC
INTERNET REVOLUTION
❏ Rise of the Internet = widespread adoption of personal computers ❏ World Wide Web (developed by Tim Berners-Lee) ❏ Transformed computers from standalone machines to gateways of global information sharing ❏ Computer revolution of the 20th Century = transformed the world’s technological landscape ❏ Empowering individuals, fostering collaboration, and redefining the ways we interact with information and with each other
THE INTERNET
❏ One of the most transformative events in human history ❏ Shaping the trajectory of society, communication, commerce, and knowledge dissemination
THE DIGITAL AGE
❏ Pervasive use of digital technologies ❏ Largely defined by the internet’s ability to connect the world electronically
THE BIRTH OF THE INTERNET
❏ Origins of the Internet can be traced back to the 1960s when US Department of Defense’s Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) initiated the development of a decentralized communication network ❏ Designed to withstand disruptions = evolved into the ARPANET, connecting research institutions and universities
PACKET SWITCHING
❏ Key breakthrough ❏ Allowed data to be broken down into packets and transmitted across multiple routes
WORLD WIDE WEB
❏ Introduced by Tim Berners-Lee in the late 1980s ❏ Revolutionized was accessed and shared
❏ Enable the creation, deployment, and management of containers
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENTS (IDEs)
❏ Comprehensive set of tools and features for software developers to write, test, debug, and manage code more efficiently write, test, debug, and manage code more efficiently ❏ Visual Studio, IntelliJ, or VS Code
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Coding best practices and coding standards ❏ Intellectual property rights and open-source licensing ❏ Handling of user data and privacy concerns
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Coding best practices and coding standards ❏ Intellectual property rights and open-source licensing ❏ Handling of user data and privacy concerns
WEB DEVELOPMENT
❏ Building websites and web applications ❏ Using technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript ❏ Formal education is often optional (learning through online courses and bootcamps
FUNDAMENTALS
❏ Proficiency in web technologies (HTML, CSS, JavaScript) ❏ Client-side and server-side scripting
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science or related field (optional but beneficial) ❏ Continuous learning (online courses, tutorials, and coding bootcamps) ❏ Specialization in front-end or back-end development
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Emphasis on responsive and mobile-first design ❏ Web performance optimization and SEO best practices
JAVASCRIPT FRAMEWORKS
❏ Pre-written collections of code and libraries that provide developers with a structures foundation for building web applications ❏ React, Angular, Vue.js
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
❏ Text editors (Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text) ❏ Front-end frameworks (Bootstrap, Materialize) ❏ Content management system (WordPress)
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Intellectual property rights for web content
WEB CONTENT ACCESSIBILITY
GUIDELINES (WCAG)
❏ A set of international standards and guidelines developed by the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI) of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
GENERAL DATA PROTECTION
REGULATION (GDPR)
❏ A comprehensive European Union (EU) regulation that governs the processing of personal data of EU residents
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Designing and developing websites and web applications ❏ Cross-browser compatibility and responsive design ❏ Collaborating with designers and back-end developers ❏ Maintaining and updating web content
DATA SCIENCE AND DATA ANALYTICS
❏ Work with large datasets to extract insights and make data-driven decisions
FUNDAMENTALS
❏ Strong foundation in statistics and mathematics ❏ Programming languages (Python, R) ❏ Data manipulation and analysis libraries (PAndas, NumPy)
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Statistics, or related field (recommended) ❏ Advanced degrees (Master’s or PhD) for specialized roles ❏ Specialized training in machine learning and data analysis
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Increased adoption of machine learning for predictive analysis ❏ Use of big data technologies (Hadoop and Spark) ❏ Integration of data science into various industries (healthcare, finance)
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
❏ Data visualization tools (Tableau, Power BI) ❏ Machine learning frameworks (TensorFlow, scikit-learn) ❏ Cloud platforms for data storage and processing (AWS, Azure)
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Responsible data handling and protection ❏ Ethical use of data in decision-making ❏ Compliance with data protection regulations (GDPR)
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Collecting, cleaning, and analyzing data ❏ Developing machine learning models for predictions ❏ Communicating insights to stakeholders ❏ Ensuring data security and privacy
NETWORK AND CYBERSECURITY
❏ Protect digital assets and infrastructure from threats
FUNDAMENTALS
❏ Understanding of networking protocols and architectures ❏ Knowledge of encryption and secure communication ❏ Proficiency in network troubleshooting and analysis
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Cybersecurity, or a related field (recommended) ❏ Certifications like CompTIA Security+, Certified Information Systems Security Professional (CISSP), or Certified Ethical Hacker (CEH) ❏ Continuous learning
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Growth in demand for cloud security
ZERO TRUST
NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
❏ Cybersecurity approach that assumes no trust by default, even within an organization's internal network
THREAT INTELLIGENCE IN
CYBERSECURITY
❏ Knowledge and information that organizations gather and analyze to understand the types of threats they face, the tactics and techniques of threat actors, and the vulnerabilities in their systems that may be exploited
SECURITY AUTOMATION AND
ORCHESTRATION (SAO)
❏ Machine learning algorithms and neural networks
NEURAL NETWORKS
❏ Class of machine learning models inspired by the structure and function of the human brain ❏ Fundamental component of deep learning, a subset of machine learning that has gained tremendous popularity and success in various applications
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Advanced degrees (Master's or PhD.) in Computer Science, Data Science, or related fields ❏ Specialized training in machine learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch) ❏ Kaggle competitions and online courses
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Continued growth in deep learning and natural language processing (NLP) ❏ AI and ML in various industries (healthcare, finance, and autonomous vehicles) ❏ AI ethics and responsible AI practices
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
❏ Machine learning frameworks (TensorFlow, PyTorch) ❏ Data preprocessing and analysis tools (pandas, NumPy) ❏ Cloud-based AI services (AWS SAgeMaker, Google Cloud AI Platform)
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Bias mitigation and fairness in AI algorithms ❏ Responsible AI development and deployment ❏ Data privacy regulations (GDPR, HIPAA)
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Building and training machine learning models. ❏ Developing AI applications and chatbots. ❏ Responsible data handling and ethical AI design. ❏ Collaborating with cross-functional teams to implement AI solutions.
GAME DEVELOPMENT
❏ Create interactive entertainment experiences across various platforms
FUNDAMENTALS
❏ Proficiency in game development engines and frameworks (Unity, Unreal Engine) ❏ Strong knowledge of 3D graphics programming ❏ Understanding of game physics and AI
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Game Design, or a related field (recommended). ❏ Specialized courses in game development and design ❏ Participation in game development communities and game jams
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Growth in virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) gaming ❏ Emergence of cloud gaming platforms. ❏ Focus on narrative-driven and immersive game experiences ❏ Cross-platform game development
VIRTUAL REALITY (VR) GAMING
❏ Creates a completely immersive digital environment where the player is fully immersed in a computer-generated world ❏ Players typically wear a VR headset that covers their eyes and ears, providing a 360-degree view and 3D audio. ❏ VR controllers or hand-tracking technology allow players to interact with the virtual environment
AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) GAMING
❏ Overlays digital content (such as game elements) onto the real-world environment that the player sees through a device like a smartphone or AR headset
❏ Players can still see and interact with their physical surroundings while digital objects or information is superimposed onto it ❏ AR gaming often encourages players to move around and interact with both the real and virtual aspects of the game simultaneously
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
❏ Game engines (Unity, Unreal Engine) ❏ 3D modeling and animation software (Blender, Maya) ❏ Multimedia tools ❏ Version control systems for collaborative development.
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Age-appropriate content and rating systems ❏ Responsible game design to avoid addictive behaviors ❏ Compliance with copyright and intellectual property laws
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Designing game mechanics and user interfaces. ❏ Programming game logic and AI behavior. ❏ Creating 3D models, textures, and animations. ❏ Quality assurance testing and bug fixing.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATION
❏ Manage and optimize databases to ensure data integrity and availability ❏ Database management systems (Oracle or SQL Server)
FUNDAMENTALS
❏ Proficiency in relational database management systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL, Oracle) ❏ Understanding of database design principles, normalization, and indexing ❏ Knowledge of SQL (Structured Query Language)
EDUCATION AND TRAINING
❏ Bachelor's degree in Computer Science, Database Administration, or related field (recommended) ❏ Certifications in specific database management systems (Oracle Database Administrator Certified Associate) ❏ Continuous learning to stay updated on database technologies and best practices
INDUSTRY TRENDS
❏ Adoption of NoSQL databases for unstructured data ❏ Integration of cloud-based database services (AWS RDS, Azure SQL Database) ❏ Focus on data security and compliance with data protection regulations.
TOOLS AND TECHNOLOGIES
❏ Database management systems (MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB) ❏ Database administration tools (phpMyAdmin, pgAdmin) ❏ Backup and recovery tools and processes
ETHICAL AND
LOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS
❏ Data security and encryption to protect sensitive information ❏ Compliance with data protection regulations (GDPR) ❏ Responsible database management to prevent data breaches
JOB ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES
❏ Designing and implementing database structures ❏ Optimizing database performance and ensuring data integrity ❏ Backup and recovery planning ❏ User access control and data security management
Personal Computers Macintosh, Windows PC
BASIC COMPONENTS OF
A COMPUTER SYSTEM
CONTROL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
❏ Brain of the computer ❏ Executing instructions and performing calculations ❏ Fetches data and instructions from memory and performs operations on them
MEMORY
❏ Stores data and instructions that the CPU needs for processing
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
❏ Volatile and used for temporary storage
READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
❏ Stores essential firmware and software
INPUT/OUTPUT DEVICES (I/O)
❏ Enable communication between the computer and the external world ❏ Keyboards, mouse, displays, printers, and network interfaces
STORAGE DEVICES
❏ Store data for long-term use ❏ Hard disk drives (HDDs), solid-state drives (SSDs), and optical drives
MOTHERBOARD
❏ Main circuit board ❏ Houses the CPU, memory, and other essential components
POWER SUPPLY
❏ Converts electrical energy from the outlet into the appropriate voltage and current required by the computer components
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
❏ Proposed by John von Neumann in the 1940s ❏ Foundational design for most modern computers
KEY COMPONENTS OF THE
VON NEUMANN ARCHITECTURE
CPU
❏ Fetches instructions and data from memory ❏ Decodes the instructions and executes them ❏ Store the results back in memory
MEMORY
❏ Both program instructions and data are stored in the SAME memory ❏ Often referred to as RAM (Random Access Memory)
CONTROL UNIT
❏ Manages the execution of instructions ❏ Ensuring the instructions are executed in the correct sequence
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
❏ Performs arithmetic and logical operations ❏ Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Comparisons
INPUT/OUTPUT
❏ Allow data to be exchanged between the computer and the external world
MEMORY HIERARCHY
❏ Organizes various types of memory in a computer system based on their speed, cost, and capacity ❏ Efficient data storage and access ❏ Ensuring frequently used data is readily available while balancing performance and cost considerations
TYPES OF MEMORY
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)
❏ Volatile memory for temporarily storing data and program code ❏ Fast access, but is relatively limited in capacity
READ-ONLY MEMORY (ROM)
❏ Non-volatile memory ❏ Stores firmware and essential system instructions that are permanently written during manufacturing ❏ Cannot be modified by the user ❏ Retains data even when the power is off
CACHE
❏ Small, high-speed memory layer ❏ Placed between the CPU and main memory (RAM) ❏ Stores frequently used data
SECONDARY STORAGE
❏ Hard disk drives (HDDs) and Solid-state drivers (SSDs) ❏ Higher capacity than RAM, but with slower access times ❏ Long-term data storage (including the operating system, applications, and user files)
MEMORY ACCESS TIME
❏ How quickly data can be retrieved from a particular memory type
CAPACITY TRADE-OFFS
❏ Faster memory (RAM) = limited capacity ❏ Slower memory (Secondary storage) = larger capacity ❏ Faster, smaller, and more expensive memory = close to the CPU (Cache) ❏ Slower, larger, and more affordable memory (RAM and Secondary Storage) = less frequently used data
CACHE MEMORY
❏ Stores frequently used data and instructions = reducing the need for the CPU to access slower main memory (RAM) ❏ Providing faster access to frequently accessed data = significantly improves the overall system performance
CONTROL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
❏ Brain of a computer ❏ Responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations
KEY COMPONENTS OF A CPU
CONTROL UNIT
❏ Manages instruction fetching, decoding, and execution
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU)
❏ Performs arithmetic and logic operations
REGISTERS
❏ Small, high-speed memory for temporary data storage
CACHE
❏ Stores frequently used data for faster retrieval
CLOCK GENERATOR
❏ Controls the timing of the operations
PIPELINING ARCHITECTURES
❏ Breaks down instruction execution into stages ❏ Allowing multiple instructions to overlap in their execution ❏ Improves throughput and efficiency
SUPERSCALAR ARCHITECTURE
❏ Executes multiple instructions simultaneously by having multiple execution units (multiple ALUs) ❏ Enhances performance by exploiting instruction-level parallelism
CLOCK CYCLES
❏ Corresponds to one basic operation
MODULE 4: COMPUTER ASSEMBLY AND
DISASSEMBLY
SCREWDRIVERS
❏ Phillips-head and flat-head screwdrivers ❏ Securing and loosening screws on computer cases, motherboards, and other components
ANTI-STATIC WRIST STRAP
❏ Anti-static grounding wire to prevent electrostatic discharge (ESD) that can damage sensitive components
NEEDLE-NOSE PLIERS
❏ Holding and manipulating small components, bending wires, or reaching into tight spaces
CABLE TIES / ZIP TIES
❏ Organizing and securing cables to improve airflow and aesthetics inside the computer case
FLASHLIGHT / HEADLAMP
❏ Helps to see components and connections in dimly lit areas inside the computer case
SMALL PARTS TRAY / MAGNETIC
PARTS TRAY
❏ Keeps screws and small components organized and prevents them from rolling away or getting lost
MAT / STATIC-FREE WORK SURFACE
❏ Provides an ESD-safe work area to prevent damage to components from static electricity
CABLE MANAGEMENT TOOLS
❏ Cable combs, clips, and Velcro straps to neatly route and manage cables inside the case
THERMAL PASTE AND APPLICATOR
❏ Installing or reseating CPU heatsinks to ensure proper heat transfer between the CPU and heatsink
CLEANING SUPPLIES
❏ Compressed air cans or an electric air blower to remove dust and debris from components and the computer case
SATA AND POWER CABLE CONNECTORS
❏ Connect storage drives and power cables to the motherboard and power supply
SPARE SCREWS AND STANDOFFS
❏ Extra screws and motherboard standoffs in case any are lost or damaged during the assembly process
MAGNETIC SCREWDRIVER MAT
❏ Mat with magnetic areas to hold screws securely in place while working on the computer
MULTIMETER
❏ Testing power supplies, voltage, and continuity in cables and connectors
ESD-SAFE GLOVES
❏ Alternative to wrist straps ❏ Prevent ESD while handling components
SPARE COMPONENTS
❏ Extra RAM, power supplies, or data cables can be helpful for troubleshooting
DIAGNOSTIC TOOLS
❏ POST (Power-On Self-Test) cards or testers to diagnose hardware issues
CABLE LABELS AND MARKERS
❏ Labeling cables and connectors to make future maintenance or upgrades easier
HOW TO ASSEMBLE A
DESKTOP COMPUTER
❏ Prepare Your Workplace ➤ 1.1: Take Inventory ➤ 1.2: Gather Tools and Supplies ❏ Prepare the Mainboard/Motherboard ❏ Mount the CPU ➤ 3.1: Apply a pea size thermal paste on the CPU to get better heat conduction with the CPU cooler ❏ Connect the CPU Cooler to the Motherboard ❏ Attach the RAM (memory) modules ❏ Open the case and mount the PSU
❏ Attach the Back Plate and Screw Brass Standoffs ❏ Position the Motherboard in the case ❏ Install the System Fans ❏ Connect the 20 or 24 pin ATX connector and the 4-pin or 8-pin power supply connectors to the motherboard ❏ Mount the Hard Disk Drive (HDD) and Optical Disk Drive (ODD), then connect the Power Supply (PSU) connector ❏ Connect the SATA connector to the drives and motherboard ❏ Attach each of the leads ❏ Do some cable managements ➤ FOR GAMING PC: Install the graphics card to the top most PCIe x16 slot ❏ Cover the case by completing the screws ❏ Clean your workplace
MODULE 5: WEB DEVELOPMENT
FUNDAMENTALS
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW)
❏ System of interconnected documents and resources linked together through hyperlinks ❏ Often referred to as the “web” ❏ Global network of information accessible via the internet ❏ Billions of web pages, multimedia content, and other resources that are hosted on web servers and interconnected through a vast network of links
WEBSITE
❏ Collection of related web pages ❏ Identified by their domain names
WEB PAGE
❏ Individual document containing text, images, videos, and other multimedia elements
WEB ADDRESSES (URLs)
❏ Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) ❏ Used by users to access specific web pages or resources on the web ❏ Unique address that specifies the location of a resource on the web
PARTS OF A URL
https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/
❏ Web browsers (clients) send requests to web servers = respond by sending the requested web pages and resources back to the browser ❏ Client-server interaction is fundamental to web development
NETWORK SECURITY
❏ Ensuring the security of data transmitted over networks is crucial ❏ Concepts like encryption, firewalls, and secure socket layers ❏ SSL/TLS are used to protect data and privacy on the internet
CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS (CDNs)
❏ Networks of distributed servers strategically placed around the world ❏ Help deliver web content quickly by caching and serving it from servers located closer to the user = reducing latency
UNDERSTANDING NETWORKS
❏ Essential for web developers because it impacts the performance, security, and reliability of web applications ❏ Knowledge of network protocols, data transmission, and network infrastructure helps developers create web applications that function seamlessly and efficiently over the internet
LOCATING INFORMATION
ON A NETWORK
❏ Fundamental concept in web development that involves finding and accessing specific information or resources on the internet, which is a vast network of interconnected devices and servers ❏ Critical skill for web developers, as it allows them to research, learn, and stay up-to-date with the latest trends and technologies
SEARCH ENGINES
❏ Google, Bing, and Yahoo ❏ Powerful tools for locating information on the internet ❏ Indexing and organizing vast amounts of web content ❏ Enter keywords or phrases into the search bar, and the search engine returns a list of relevant web pages and resources
EFFECTIVE SEARCHING
❏ using search operators and filter Quotation marks Exact phrases Minus signs Exclude specific terms Site-specific searches Limit results to a particular website
DIRECTORIES
❏ Categorized lists of websites and resources organized by topic or theme ❏ Provide an alternative way to find information by browsing through curated lists ❏ EXAMPLE: Yahoo DIrectory
BOOKMARKS AND FAVORITES
❏ Save web pages they frequently visit ❏ Convenient to return to specific resources without having to search again
SOCIAL MEDIA AND AGGREGATORS
❏ Reddit and Flipboard ❏ Allow users to discover and share web content, articles, videos, and news from various sources
NEWSLETTERS AND RSS FEEDS
❏ RSS = Really Simple Syndication ❏ Deliver new content directly to subscribers' email inboxes or feed readers ❏ Allow users to stay updated on specific topics
ONLINE LIBRARIES AND DATABASES
❏ Provide access to a wealth of structured information
❏ Research papers, articles, and reference materials
CITING SOURCES
❏ Give credit to the original creators and maintain ethical standards
WEB PAGES AND WEB SERVERS
❏ Fundamental concept in web development that focuses on the relationship between the web pages that users view in their web browsers and the servers that host and deliver these pages
WEB PAGES
❏ Individual documents or files on the World Wide Web (WWW) ❏ Contain content designed for display in web browsers ❏ Consist of text, images, videos, hyperlinks, and interactive elements
HTML
❏ Hypertext Markup Language ❏ Markup language used to structure and format web content ❏ Saved with a “.html” file extension
WEB SERVERS
❏ Specialized computers or software applications that store and serve web pages and associated resources to web users' browsers over the internet ❏ Respond to user requests for specific web pages
HTTP PROTOCOL
❏ Hypertext Transfer Protocol ❏ Communication between web browsers and web servers is typically facilitated ❏ Secure version: HTTPS ❏ Define how data is requested, transmitted, and received between clients (browsers) and servers ❏ Enter a URL → Press “Enter” → Browser sends an HTTP request to a web server hosting that URL → Server processes the request → Server sends back the requested web page → Browser renders for user to view
CLIENT-SERVER MODEL
CLIENT
❏ Usually the web browser (Chrome, Firefox, Safari) ❏ Requests for web pages and resources by sending HTTP requests to web servers
SERVER
❏ Handling incoming requests from clients ❏ Processing those requests ❏ Retrieving the requested web pages and assets ❏ Sending them back to the client as HTTP responses
DYNAMIC WEB PAGES
❏ Content is generated on the server-side based on user interactions or data from databases
SERVER-SIDE SCRIPTING LANGUAGES
❏ Used to create dynamic web pages ❏ PHP, Python, and Ruby
CONTENT DELIVERY
❏ Efficiently delivering web content to users ❏ Optimizing server configurations ❏ Implementing caching mechanisms
CONTENT DELIVERY NETWORKS (CDNs)
❏ Reduce load times and improve the user experience
WEB PAGES AND WEB SERVERS
❏ Fundamental for web developers as they create, maintain, and optimize websites and web applications ❏ Ensures that web content is delivered effectively and efficiently to users, enabling a seamless browsing experience on the World Wide Web
HTML INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY
❏ Explores the foundation of web pages and their historical development
HTML
