brain and cognition study notes and summary | Lecture notes Psychology

MEMORY: the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information.

encoding the process by which a mental representation is formed in memory.

storage the retention of encoded material over time.

retrieval the recovery of stored information from memory.

encoding gets information in, storage holds it until you need it, and retrieval gets it

out.

Five major brain structures are involved in memory:

1- The cerebellum, essential for procedural memory, memories acquired by repetition, and

classically conditioned responses

2- The striatum, a complex of structures in the forebrain; the likely basis for habit formation

and for stimulus response connections

3- The cerebral cortex, responsible for sensory memories and associations between

sensations

4- The hippocampus, largely responsible for declarative memory of facts, dates, and names,

and the consolidation of spatial memories

5- The amygdala, which plays a critical role in the formation and retrieval of memories with

emotional significance

Memory disorders:

Amnesia: a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma.

anterograde amnesia: an inability to form explicit memories for events that occur after the time of physical

damage to the brain.

retrograde amnesia: an inability to retrieve memories from the time before physical damage to the brain.

basic level: level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most quickly and used most efficiently

Chunking: process of taking single items of information and recoding them on the basis of similarity or some

other organizing principle.

Concepts: Mental representation of a kind or category of items and ideas.

Context dependent memory: hatırlamaya çalıştığın kişi ile kişiyle tanıştığın yer arasındaki bağlantı, dans

partnerının adını dans ettiğin müziği dinleyerek hatırlamaya çalışmak (context shock)

declarative memory : Memory for information such as facts and events

episodic memory: Long-term memory for an autobiographical event and the context in which it occurred.

( happiest birthday, first kiss ) (LTM – explicit memory nin kategorisi)

elaborative rehearsal: a technique for improving memory by enriching the encoding of information.

Ex: Judy—She’s such a beauty.

encoding specificity : the principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues received at the

time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding.

Ex: toplantı sonrası notları aynı toplantı odasında tamamlamak istemek

Engram: the physical memory trace for information in the brain.

Exemplar: Member of a category that people have encountered.

explicit use of memory: conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory processes. (LTM)

flashbulb memories: People’s vivid and richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that

have great emotional significance.

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MEMORY: the mental capacity to encode, store, and retrieve information. encoding the process by which a mental representation is formed in memory. storage the retention of encoded material over time. retrieval the recovery of stored information from memory. encoding gets information in, storage holds it until you need it, and retrieval gets it out. Five major brain structures are involved in memory: 1- The cerebellum, essential for procedural memory, memories acquired by repetition, and classically conditioned responses 2- The striatum, a complex of structures in the forebrain; the likely basis for habit formation and for stimulus response connections 3- The cerebral cortex, responsible for sensory memories and associations between sensations 4- The hippocampus, largely responsible for declarative memory of facts, dates, and names, and the consolidation of spatial memories 5- The amygdala, which plays a critical role in the formation and retrieval of memories with emotional significance

Memory disorders:

Amnesia: a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma.

anterograde amnesia: an inability to form explicit memories for events that occur after the time of physical

damage to the brain.

retrograde amnesia: an inability to retrieve memories from the time before physical damage to the brain.

basic level: level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most quickly and used most efficiently

Chunking: process of taking single items of information and recoding them on the basis of similarity or some

other organizing principle.

Concepts: Mental representation of a kind or category of items and ideas.

Context dependent memory : hatırlamaya çalıştığın kişi ile kişiyle tanıştığın yer arasındaki bağlantı, dans

partnerının adını dans ettiğin müziği dinleyerek hatırlamaya çalışmak (context shock)

declarative memory : Memory for information such as facts and events

episodic memory: Long-term memory for an autobiographical event and the context in which it occurred.

( happiest birthday, first kiss ) (LTM – explicit memory nin kategorisi)

elaborative rehearsal: a technique for improving memory by enriching the encoding of information.

Ex: Judy—She’s such a beauty.

encoding specificity : the principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues received at the

time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding.

Ex: toplantı sonrası notları aynı toplantı odasında tamamlamak istemek

Engram: the physical memory trace for information in the brain.

Exemplar: Member of a category that people have encountered.

explicit use of memory: conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory processes. (LTM)

flashbulb memories: People’s vivid and richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that

have great emotional significance.

Ex: you are able to recall exactly where you were, what you were doing & how you felt on September 11, 2001

iconic memory: Memory system in the visual domain that allows large amounts of information to be stored for

very brief durations. Ex: You briefly survey the objects in your bedroom before turning the lights off. The

memory of how your surroundings appeared is an example of iconic memory.

Ex: You pass a huge billboard while driving on the highway. Your memory of what you saw on the billboard is

an example of iconic memory.

implicit uses of memory: availability of information through memory processes without conscious effort to encode or recover information. (LTM) long-term memory (LTM) Memory processes associated with the preservation of information for retrieval at any later time. Metamemory: Implicit or explicit knowledge about memory abilities and effective memory strategies; cognition about memory. method of loci: To remember a grocery list, you might mentally put each item sequentially along the route you take to get from home to school. To remember the list later, you mentally go through your route and find the item associated with each spot mnemonic strategy or device that uses familiar information during the encoding of new information to enhance subsequent access to the information in memory. peg-word method: Suppose a history professor asked you to memorize, in order, the rulers of the Roman empire. You might have Augustus eating a platter of buns, Tiberius wearing oversized shoes, Caligula sitting in a tree, Proactive interference: (proactive means “forward acting”) refers to circumstances in which information you have acquired in the past makes it more difficult to acquire new information ex: Susan just got a new combination lock. She is upset because she keeps trying to open it with her old combination. Her problem demonstrate proactive interference. procedural memory : Memory for how things get done; the way perceptual, cognitive, and motor skills are acquired, retained, and used. ex: Knowing how to ride a bicycle. production compilation: mental commands that produce separate actions get compiled together (numara kaç diyince söyleyemeyebilirsin ama tuşlara basabilirsin) prototype: the most representative example of a category. primacy effect Improved memory for items at the start of a list. recency effect Improved memory for items at the end of a list. recall: a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to reproduce the information previously presented. Recognition: a method of retrieval in which an individual is required to identify stimuli as having been experienced before. Recall vs recognition: Answering a question such as Did Herman Melville write Moby Dick? involves recognition: you simply have to recognize whether the information provided is correct. If instead I asked you Who wrote Moby Dick? you would use a process of recall to retrieve the right answer from your memory. A multiple-choice question is to recognition as a fill-in-the blank question is to recall. reconstructive memory: the process of putting information together based on general types of stored knowledge in the absence of a specific memory representation. Rehearsal: The simplest way to maintain information in short-term memory is to repeat the information in a process retrieval cue Internally or externally generated stimulus available to help with the retrieval of a memory.

 For implicit memories, it is important that the processes of encoding and retrieval be similar.

Interference occurs when retrieval cues do not lead uniquely to specific memories.
Memory performance can be improved through elaborative rehearsal and mnemonics.
In general, feelings-of-knowing accurately predict the availability of information in memory.

brain and cognition study notes and summary, Lecture notes of Psychology

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Download brain and cognition study notes and summary and more Lecture notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

Memory disorders:

Amnesia: a failure of memory caused by physical injury, disease, drug use, or psychological trauma.

anterograde amnesia: an inability to form explicit memories for events that occur after the time of physical

damage to the brain.

retrograde amnesia: an inability to retrieve memories from the time before physical damage to the brain.

basic level: level of categorization that can be retrieved from memory most quickly and used most efficiently

Chunking: process of taking single items of information and recoding them on the basis of similarity or some

other organizing principle.

Concepts: Mental representation of a kind or category of items and ideas.

Context dependent memory : hatırlamaya çalıştığın kişi ile kişiyle tanıştığın yer arasındaki bağlantı, dans

partnerının adını dans ettiğin müziği dinleyerek hatırlamaya çalışmak (context shock)

declarative memory : Memory for information such as facts and events

episodic memory: Long-term memory for an autobiographical event and the context in which it occurred.

( happiest birthday, first kiss ) (LTM – explicit memory nin kategorisi)

elaborative rehearsal: a technique for improving memory by enriching the encoding of information.

Ex: Judy—She’s such a beauty.

encoding specificity : the principle that subsequent retrieval of information is enhanced if cues received at the

time of recall are consistent with those present at the time of encoding.

Ex: toplantı sonrası notları aynı toplantı odasında tamamlamak istemek

Engram: the physical memory trace for information in the brain.

Exemplar: Member of a category that people have encountered.

explicit use of memory: conscious effort to encode or recover information through memory processes. (LTM)

flashbulb memories: People’s vivid and richly detailed memory in response to personal or public events that

have great emotional significance.

Ex: you are able to recall exactly where you were, what you were doing & how you felt on September 11, 2001

iconic memory: Memory system in the visual domain that allows large amounts of information to be stored for

very brief durations. Ex: You briefly survey the objects in your bedroom before turning the lights off. The

memory of how your surroundings appeared is an example of iconic memory.

Ex: You pass a huge billboard while driving on the highway. Your memory of what you saw on the billboard is

an example of iconic memory.