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Biology Exam 2: Key Concepts and Definitions, Exams of Biology

Cornwall CollegeBiology

A comprehensive overview of key concepts in biology, focusing on animal biology. It covers topics such as types of symmetry, differences between vertebrates and invertebrates, major phyla in the animal kingdom, and various body systems. The document also includes information on tissues, skeletal systems, muscle cells, and sensory systems, making it a valuable resource for students studying biology. It also touches on ecological concepts such as producers, consumers, symbiosis, and food chains. Useful for students to review the main concepts of biology.

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 06/13/2025

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Biology 1409 Lab Exam 2
1. What are the three types of symmetry in biology?: Asymmetry, Bilateral, and
Radial
2. What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?: invertebrates
lack a back bone.
3. What are the major Phyla in the animal kingdom?: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platy-
helimithes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata
4. What is Porifera?: Know as sponges. They have no true tissues and are asym-
metrical. They are known as filter feeders. And are hermaphrodites.
5. What is Cnidaria?: They have radial symmetry. Has true tissues. Has a wide
range of motile forms including hydras, corals, and jellies. They have a cardiovascu-
lar cavity. There are two variations on this body plan: The largely sessile polyp and
the more motile medusa.
6. What is Platyhelimithes?: Bilateral, and hermaphrodites. Known as flatworms.
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Biology 1409 Lab Exam 2

  1. What are the three types of symmetry in biology?: Asymmetry, Bilateral, and Radial
  2. What is the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates?: invertebrates lack a back bone.
  3. What are the major Phyla in the animal kingdom?: Porifera, Cnidaria, Platy- helimithes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, and Chordata
  4. What is Porifera?: Know as sponges. They have no true tissues and are asym- metrical. They are known as filter feeders. And are hermaphrodites.
  5. What is Cnidaria?: They have radial symmetry. Has true tissues. Has a wide range of motile forms including hydras, corals, and jellies. They have a cardiovascu- lar cavity. There are two variations on this body plan: The largely sessile polyp and the more motile medusa.
  6. What is Platyhelimithes?: Bilateral, and hermaphrodites. Known as flatworms.

Include a lot of parasitic species. They are don't have a body cavity and lack a circulatory system.

  1. What is Annelida?: Bilateral and reproduce sexually and asexually. They are segmented worms that live in the sea, freshwater, and damp soil.
  2. What is Arthropoda?: The most diverse. Reproduce sexually. They have a seg- mented body, a hard exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.
  3. What is Mollusca?: Most of them are hermaphrodites. Known as snails, slugs, oysters, clams, and octopuses and squids. They are the second most diverse and soft-bodied. While most have a hard protective shell made of calcium carbonate. They have 3 main parts: muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle.
  4. What is Echinodermata?: Radial Symmetry. Known as sea stars. They are slow moving marine animals. They have a thin epidermis covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous plates. Which includes the water vascular system. ---tube feet that function in locomotion and feeding. They are divided into 5 clades.
  5. What is Chordata?: Bilateral. Invertebrates and vertebrates. Segmented Bod- ies. 4 characteristics: Notochord, Nerve Cord, Slits/ Clefts, and have post-anal tail.
  1. Types of Bones?: Compact and Spongy
  2. Types of Muscles cells?: Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
  3. Body/Organ systems?: Digestive, Circulatory , Respiratory, Immune, Excreto- ry, Endocrine, Reproductive, Nervous, Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular
  4. Skin cell (microscope image):
  5. Hair (microscope image):
  1. Bone (microscope image):
  2. muscle (microscope image):
  3. Diversity of Neurons: Sensory, interneuron, and motor
  4. Peripheral Nervous System: (PNS) Transmits information to and from the CNS and plays a large role in regulation both and animal's movement and its internal environment. Has two components : motor and autonomic system
  5. Central Nervous System: (CNS) The central nervous system CNS is responsi- ble for integrating sensory information and responding accordingly. It consists of two main components: The spinal cord serves as a conduit for signals between the brain and the rest of the body. It also controls simple musculoskeletal reflexes without input from the brain.
  6. Autonomic Nervous Systems: Sympathetic, parasympathetic, and Enteric. Involunatry.
  7. Sight Sensory System: Rods, Cones, and after image
  8. What are rods and what makes them significant?: are more sensitive to light
  1. What is the circulatory system?: The blood circulatory system delivers nu- trients and oxygen to all cells in the body. It consists of the heart and the blood vessels running through the entire body. The arteries carry blood away from the heart; the veins carry it back to the heart. Has 3 basic components: circulatory fluid, and interconnecting vessels, and muscular pump, and the heart. Open or closed. Open= circulatory fluid= hemolymph. Closed= CF= blood.
  2. what is the respiratory system?: Carry out this exchange of gases as we breathe. ... During the process, the red blood cells collect the carbon dioxide and transport it back to the lungs, where it leaves the body when we exhale.
  3. What are the type of cells found in blood?: Leukocytes (white blood cells), Platelets, and Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  4. Radial Symmetry: ex. sea anemone or flower pot. does not have left or right side. Can slice or divide through central axis into mirror images

tricle)

  1. Bilateral Symmetry: ex. lobster or shovel. Has a left side and right side. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror image halves.
  2. Heart Anatomy (human): Separated by right and left side (ven Right: pulmonary artery, right atrium, semilunar valve, AV. Left: Aorta, pulmonary artery, left atrium, semilunar valve, and AV.
  3. Digestive System: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pan- creas, anus. Function: food processing
  4. Circulatory System: Heart, blood vessels, blood. Fucntion: internal distribution of materials
  5. Respiratory System: Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes Function: gas exchange
  6. Immune System: bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels Function: Body Defense
  7. Excretory System: Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  1. Reproductive System: ovaries or testes, and associated organs Function: reproduction
  2. Nervous Systems: brainm spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs Function: coordination of body activities
  3. Integumentary System: skin and its derivatives Function: protection against injury, infection, dehyration
  4. Skeletal System: skeleton Function: body support, protection of internal organs, movement
  5. Muscular System: skeletal muscles Function: locomotion
  6. Sympathetic Division: corresponds to arousal and energy generation
  7. Parasympathetic Division: causes opposite responses that promote calming and a return to self-maintenance functions
  8. Ecology top to bottom: Global, landscape, ecosystem, community, population, organismal ecology.
  1. Producers?: Autotrophs and heterotrophs. Autotrophs are photosynthetic organisms that use light energy to synthesize sugars and other organic compounds in which they use for fuel for cellular respiration and building material for growth. Heterotrophs depend directly or indirectly on the outputs of primary producers for their source of energy.
  2. Consumers?: Primary consumer, secondary consumer, and tertiary con- sumers. Primary= herbivores eat primary producers. Secondary= carnivores eat herbivores. Tertiary= carnivores eat other cernivores
  3. Niche: the sum of a species use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its enviroment
  4. Symbiosis: when individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another. Can be harmful, neutral, or helpful.
  5. Parasitism: +/- symbiotic interaction in which one organism, the parasite derives its nourishment from a host.
  6. Mutualism: interspecific interaction that benefits both species.
  1. Biomagnification: is the increasing concentration of a substance, such as a toxic chemical, in the tissues of organisms at successively higher levels in a food chain.
  2. Competition: the struggle between organisms to survive in a habitat with limited resources in the same place at the same time
  3. Predation: An interaction in which one organism kills and eats another.