Download Biological Processes and Molecular Interactions and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!
PACAT PRACTICE TEST 1 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS 2024.
Somatic mosaicism is when an individual contains two distinct cell populations as a result of a postzygotic mutation, with phenotypic consequence partially influenced by the extent of chromosomal rearrangement. Question Chromosomal rearrangement is implicated in what somatic change? - ANSWER- Malignancy Rearrangement of chromosomes is a somatic change implicated in malignancy. After 24 hours of fasting what is the source of energy (for gluconeogensis)? - ANSWER- Amino Acids During early stages of fasting, glycogen may be used for glycogenolysis. As fasting continues, glycogen stores are depleted and other precursors are used, among which are certain amino acids and odd-chain fatty acids rather than even chain fatty acids. Following an automobile accident, physical examination shows damage to a patient's deltoid muscle and teres minor muscle. The patient is unable to abduct and laterally rotate their arm. What nerve is likely injured? - ANSWER- The axillary nerve innervates the deltoid and teres minor muscles. If injured, the arm cannot be abducted or laterally rotated. 75% of the breast lymphatics drain directly into what nodes? - ANSWER- Pectoral nodes Sodium (Na) loses its electron to become sodium ion (Na+). What kind of reaction is this? - ANSWER- Oxidation reaction In what part of the body is there a thickened layer of epidermis? - ANSWER- Soles of feet What kind of ions do nonmetals form? - ANSWER- anions Anions are negative ions and cations are positive ions. Nonmetals are neutral elements. During bonding, they gain electron(s) from the metal they are reacting with and, as a result, get a negative charge.
Anna is negative = anion negative You are presented with a female patient who shows a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions. This instability of self-image can result in feelings of emptiness and fears of abandonment. She is very impulsive, often showing feelings of anger, especially when criticized. She sometimes performs self- harm by cutting herself and threatens suicide. What disorder may she be exhibiting? - ANSWER- Borderline Personality Disorder Narcissistic personality disorder is characterized by a self-importance and sense of entitlement that drive a need to be admired. Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by a pervasive distrust of others, even stemming to close relationships such as friends, family, and partners. The person becomes suspicious and guarded with a focus on uncovering clues to validate fears and suspicions of those around them. Schizoid personality disorder is characterized by directing one's attention on their inner life rather than the external world, leading to an aloof and introspective nature. The patient may focus on internal fantasies rather than any social or sexual relationships. There is generally a dampened emotional response and indifference toward social norms. Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a lack of concern for the feelings or needs of others; social rules and obligations are disregarded. The patient may display heightened irritability, aggression, and/or impulsiveness with a lack of guilt over consequences. They fail to learn from their experiences. A 65-year-old woman slips and falls on the bathroom floor. She has a posterior dislocation of the hip joint and a fracture of the neck of the femur. Question: If the acetabulum is fractured at its posterosuperior margin by dislocation of the hip joint, what bone could be involved? - ANSWER- Ilium The acetabulum is a cup-shaped cavity on the lateral side of the hip bone formed superiorly by the ilium. The acetabulum is formed posteroinferiorly by the ischium. The acetabulum is formed anteromedially by the pubis. The sacrum and the head of the femur do not participate in the formation of the acetabulum. Hip bones: - ANSWER- ilium (round/top/posterior), ischium (posterior/bottom), pubis (anterior/bottom of ilium)
Tonicity is given relative to normal plasma. Assume a simple 2-compartment model (vascular space [blood/plasma] and extracellular fluid space). - ANSWER- Isotonic (normal) saline—increase in IV, no change in ECV In what order were these compounds distilled off? Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride); 2-hydroxyethyl acetate (glycerol monoacetate); 1,4-butanediol; n-butanoic Acid (butyric acid) - ANSWER- Acetic anhydride (ethanoic anhydride), Butanoic Acid (butyric acid), 2-hydroxyethyl acetate (glycerol monoacetate), 1,4-butanediol
hydrogens available to bond = - ANSWER- Higher boiling temperature
A young woman was asked to be a part of a psychological study at her college. The study claimed to "measure one's IQ by testing one's physical strength." After reading the description of the study, she decided to opt out of the study. Question Which answer would explain why the woman would have opted out of the study? - ANSWER- The test lacked face validity because the test was not suitable for the purpose it described. construct validity : the phenomenon being studied does not exist What specialized quality of dermatophytes enables them to infect skin, hair, and nails under normal conditions? - ANSWER- Metabolism of keratin A physician examines a patient with pain and paresthesia in the left leg. The distribution of the pain, running down the lateral aspect of the leg and the dorsal surface of the foot, suggests a herniated intervertebral disk. The physician links the distribution of symptoms with nerve L5. Where has herniation occurred? - ANSWER- L4-L5 disk A steroid hormone bypasses the surface receptor of a cell to instead attach to a target within the cell. What organic molecule is allowing the steroid to do this? - ANSWER- Steroid hormones can get past the cell membrane to target receptors within the cell. They must be made of lipids to do so For similar reactions at STP, where we can assume A is the same, which has the greatest activation energy? - ANSWER- k = 0. The lowest rate constant will yield the highest activation energy. Molecular phylogenetic examinations have revealed misconstruction of proposed relatedness between species of bacteria—for example, Rhodocyclus tenuis and
Rubrivivax gelatinosus falling under the Rhodospirillum genus due to sharing a helical shape. What factor is most helpful to assess their relation? - ANSWER- Genome (not morphology) A 21-year-old female student does exceptionally well in her studies, has a healthy social life, and enjoys horseback riding on weekends; however, her roommate says that this student is obsessed with being tidy and that she will spend hours at a time cleaning their apartment. The student also feels that she constantly requires an excessive amount of control over the things that happen in her life; she often feels that there is no point in trying to do things unless she can do them perfectly. According to Freud's psychosexual stage theory of development, which of the following is most likely to be true? - ANSWER- She has experienced a fixation in anal stage of development The most likely explanation is that she has experienced a fixation at the anal stage of development. This is evidenced by her perfectionist attitude, her excessive desire to maintain control, and her obsession with tidiness. All of these personality characteristics are associated with an anal fixation, specifically of the retentive type. Heart anatomy valves - ANSWER- mitral valve closing gives the louder stub sound What happens to the entropy of a liquid evaporating in an environment where the temperature increases from 25°C to 200°C? - ANSWER- increases G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are an integral component of many transduction pathways from a cell surface to an intracellular target. Obstruction caused by what molecule regulates GPCR signal transduction? - ANSWER- Arrestins are proteins that can prevent coupling of G proteins to receptors, regulating GPCRs. Question Highlights A weak acid is titrated with a 2.0 M solution of NaOH, producing the titration curve shown. What is the approximate pKa of the acid? Refer to the image. - finding pka - ANSWER- larger the pka = weaker the acid pka is the pH at which HALF of the acid is deprotonated
- find the sleepest slope on the graph (=9) This is where the acid completely "died"
- go to half of 9 on the x axis (=4.5) (half life of the acid)
- what is the 'y-value' at 4.5 (5.2 pH) answer 5.2pH = weak acid
A 50-year-old man has difficulty breathing. He reports tiring more easily with exercise. Physical exam is remarkable for a systolic ejection click at the left lower sternal border. He is referred to a cardiologist for further evaluation. Which cardiac valve is causing these symptoms? - ANSWER- The aortic valve The aortic valve is between the left ventricle and the aorta. This patient has a bicuspid aortic valve, which is associated with a systolic ejection click at the left lower sternal border. It can develop into aortic regurgitation, which requires a valve replacement. A person is breathing under normal physiological conditions. A negative pressure in the pleural cavity is created during inspiration. What creates this pressure? - ANSWER- Diaphragm inhale: negative pressure as diaphragm pushes down Systemic circulation - ANSWER- The normal pathway for systemic circulation starts in the left ventricle. Oxygenated blood is pumped across the aortic valve into the aorta, where it delivers oxygen to the rest of the body. Deoxygenated blood is then pumped through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium -- to the right ventricle (o2 blood)LV --Aortic valve--> Aorta --> rest of the body pulmonary circulation - ANSWER- Deoxygenated blood is then pumped through the superior and inferior vena cava into the right atrium -- RV. The normal pathway for pulmonary circulation starts in the right ventricle. Deoxygenated blood is pumped across the pulmonic valve through the pulmonary artery into the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen. Oxygenated blood is then pumped through the four pulmonary veins into the left atrium. RV (no O2) ---pulmonic valve --> PA ---> lungs (recieves o2) ---> pulmonary veins --> Left Atrium ---> LV -- start of systemic circulation flow of blood through heart - ANSWER- What is the difference between the social learning perspective and the sociocultural perspective? - ANSWER- Learning (sociocultural) vs imitation (social learning) Which best describes the function of the scrotum? - ANSWER- Promotes production and viability of sperm What is produced by cellular respiration in erythrocytes? - ANSWER- Pyruvate
Because erythrocytes lack mitochondria, they perform glycolysis but not the Krebs cycle. What is the longest muscle in the body? - ANSWER- sartorius muscle A patient presents with vomiting and profuse, watery diarrhea 3.5 hours after eating chicken fried rice. What is the most likely etiological agent? - ANSWER- Bacillus cereus is associated with a rapid onset time and most often associated with rice. Symptoms of Bacillus cereus-related food poisoning include nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. What physical entity encodes all necessary information required for the maintenance and replication of an organism? - ANSWER- Genome In pea plants, tall (T) is dominant over short (t), and purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p). Given 2 parent plants that are heterozygous for both of these traits, what is the probability of producing tall offspring with white flowers? - ANSWER- 3/16 is the correct probability ratio because, according to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment, if you cross 2 dihybrid organisms, your phenotypic outcome will always be 9:3:3:1. 9: Dom Tall, Dom purple 3: Rec short, Dom purple 3: Dom tall, Rec white 1: Rec short, Rec white Environmental changes and nutrient availability impose a dynamic regulation of cellular metabolism. Which of the following are considered indicators for a cellular metabolic state? - ANSWER- AMP Acetyl-CoA NAD+ Patients with the genetic disorder Duchenne muscular dystrophy experience progressive muscle wasting that leads to progressive loss of ambulation, respiratory failure, and ultimately death. Laboratory studies reveal elevated serum levels of the enzyme creatine kinase. It is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern, with the affected gene being one that encodes for the protein dystrophin. Unfortunately, life expectancy is rarely beyond age 30. Question What statement correctly describes this disorder? - ANSWER- It affects mostly males - xlinked A 30-year-old man reports weakness when he extends his thigh and rotates it laterally.
How does exhalation contribute to increasing the pressure in the venous system? - ANSWER- Increased pressure in thoracic veins increases the flow of blood into the heart. With exhalation, air pressure increases in the thoracic cavity, leading to increased pressure in the thoracic veins. In turn, the increased thoracic vein pressure increases the flow of blood into the heart. On inhalation, increased thoracic volume decreases blood pressure in the thoracic veins, facilitating blood flow from veins outside the thorax into the thoracic region. Which of the following reactions produces heat and light? - ANSWER- Combustion reaction Explanation: Combustion is a burning process in which fuel reacts with oxidants to produce heat and light. An endothermic reaction is one in which heat is absorbed by the system. An exothermic reaction is one in which heat is released by the system. Light is not necessarily produced. A photosynthesis reaction uses light to produce chemical energy. Peptidoglycan and other polymers and proteins are necessary for the survival of bacterial cells because they compose the cell wall. Enzymes active in forming the cell wall are targets for antibiotics. What molecule is an appropriate target for antibiotics? - ANSWER- Penicillin binding protein The term "heterozygote advantage" describes the case in which the heterozygous genotype of individuals within a population confers a higher relative fitness than either the homozygous dominant or homozygous recessive genotype. Which of the following is an example of a condition in which the heterozygote genotype confers a higher relative fitness? - ANSWER- CF Cystic Fibrosis - recessive disease The carrier of the CFTR mutation will not have cystic fibrosis but will have only half as many chloride channels as a non-carrier. This has historically been considered an advantage, as it limits the amount of fluid lost to diarrhea in the event that a carrier gets infected with a disease like typhoid or cholera. other options: Tay-Sachs is an autosomal recessive disorder but has no known heterozygote advantage. Huntington's disease and Marfan syndrome are autosomal dominant diseases. In each of these conditions, it only takes one of the causative alleles for the
disease to present; therefore, there would be no opportunity for heterozygote advantage. GAS5 is a long non-coding RNA associated with tumor suppression in multiple types of cancer. One hypothesis for how GAS5 exerts its effects is that it must fold into a hairpin structure to interact with the glucocorticoid receptor. What bases would need to hydrogen bond with each other to form such a hairpin structure? - ANSWER- Adenine bonds with uracil; guanine bonds with cytosine A patient presents with blurry vision and foreign body sensation following eye trauma when clearing yard debris. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with keratitis. What is the most likely etiology? - ANSWER- Aspergillus - fungus found outdoor/indoor. cause fungus keratosis Which of the following monosaccharides do not share the general formula of carbohydrates: H-(CHOH)x(C=O)-(CHOH)y-H? - ANSWER- fucose the formula of fucose lacks a hydroxyl group at the C-6 position A person with an unknown blood type received an emergency transfusion with type O Rhesus D positive blood. They developed a delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction. What component of the patient's serum was most likely responsible for this reaction? - ANSWER- Anti-D Antibodies Delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction caused by anti-D antibodies occurs with the highest incidence, but anti-C, anti-E, and anti-e have been implicated to a lesser degree. Anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies are not typical causes of delayed hemolytic transfusion reaction What additional mechanism of virulence is caused by secreted toxins? - ANSWER- Immune evasion Neisseria meningitidis colonizes the nasopharynx but can become invasive. One mechanism that increases virulence is based on inhibition of phagocytosis in the bloodstream and central nervous system. Which is responsible for this mechanism? - ANSWER- polysaccharide capsule The bones that attach each upper limb to the axial skeleton form the pectoral girdle. What attaches to the manubrium of the axial skeleton? - ANSWER- sternal end of the clavicle
Frank went bungee jumping yesterday. According to arousal theory, what activity would Frank most likely do next and why? - ANSWER- Skydiving; Frank enjoys that level of activity. The release of GTP from a protein factor during the early stages of protein synthesis drives the assembly of the two ribosomal subunits, which otherwise exist freely. Question What process results in the assembly? - ANSWER- Initiation Ribosomal subunits exist in a free state when not occupied by protein synthesis. As a result of initiation, the subunits assemble to complete ribosomes. How does a pressure cooker work? - ANSWER- It increases the pressure inside the cooker, which increases the temperature at which water boils This higher temperature allows food to cook faster. Paramecium cells display hydrodynamic cooperation of cilia when exposed to a shared fluid environment. What intracellular constraint hinders this process? - ANSWER- Defined basal body placement A child needs to make a project about the Middle Ages for class. Her dad, who is an engineer, uses his knowledge to help her build a small functional catapult. According to Sternberg, which type of intelligence is her dad displaying? - ANSWER- Creative Sternberg discusses 3 types of intelligence: Creative: the ability to solve a problem through novel methods, as seen with building a catapult for a school project. Analytical: the ability to solve a problem by breaking it down and thinking about how the parts work together. Practical: the ability to solve a problem using common sense. Raymond Cattell described intelligence as having 2 distinct factors. The first factor is called crystallized intelligence, which is acquired knowledge. The second factor is called fluid intelligence, which is the ability to use crystallized intelligence. A 4 M KCl solution is diluted to create a 0.8 M KCl solution. If the volume of the 0.8 M of KCl solution is 0.4 liters, what volume (in mL) of the 4 M KCl solution is needed? - ANSWER- 80mL Volume1 = 0.4 L
Concentration1 = 0.8 M Concentration2 = 4 M Volume2 =? 0.4(0.8) = 4(x) x= 0.8L 0.8L = 80mL What taste is NOT considered a basic form of gustatory sensation? - ANSWER- spicy In the autoionization of water, water reacts with itself functioning both as an acid and a base, and a certain molecule is produced. This molecule, which can donate three hydrogen bonds, can influence nearly 100 surrounding water molecules and can even form chains. What molecule can perform these actions? - ANSWER- H3O+ You are caring for an infant with abnormally wide suture lines. What health condition does the infant most likely have? - ANSWER- Hydrocephalus = water on the brain (creates pressure, bones can't close) A newly synthesized RNA is on its way from the nucleus to the ribosome. What must occur for eukaryotes to protect the RNA? - ANSWER- Addition of poly-A-tail on the 3' end A man has a mutation that causes brain cells to grow larger than normal. If this mutation is to be passed on to his offspring, where must the mutation have happened? - ANSWER- on a germline cell A patient presents with a characteristic claw hand. Damage to what structure would lead to this sign? - ANSWER- Ulnar nerve An elderly woman presents with stiff neck, fever, and headache. Spinal fluid analysis confirms bacterial meningitis. Virulence factors of the responsible pathogen include intracellular mobility through actin polymerization and replication at refrigerator temperatures. What would show on a Gram stain of this bacteria? - ANSWER- The responsible bacteria is Listeria monocytogenes due to the virulence factors of actin polymerization and replication in refrigerator temperatures. Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive rod A patient undergoes the careful dissection of the anterior cervical neck due to advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue with local invasion. The surgeon samples submandibular lymph nodes and resects a portion of the submandibular gland to do so.
Which of the following statements accurately describes the chemical role that stress can play in hair turning gray? - ANSWER- Chronic stress can damage the cells (DNA) responsible for hair color, causing them to go gray. A structure 3 m in length that ends at the cecum receives blood supplied by the superior mesenteric artery. What is the major absorptive product of this structure? - ANSWER- B This structure is the ileum, which has the major absorptive products of B12 and bile acids. In general, ions and small molecules can passively diffuse through liquids. In water, however, certain molecules can diffuse 2-7 times more rapidly than others. Rapid diffusion of specific molecules in water enables water to play a crucial role in biological processes such as proton transfer in enzymes and biological channels. What molecules participate in this process based on these characteristics? - ANSWER- protons and hydroxide atoms An anaerobic process converts a starting molecule to lactate and results in the formation of two molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) per starting molecule. What is the starting molecule for this chemical reaction? - ANSWER- Glucose Alphavirus' are transmitted through - ANSWER- insect bites/ arthropods Aqueous sodium phosphate is mixed with aqueous calcium chloride by a bench scientist. Sodium chloride and calcium phosphate are produced in a precipitation reaction. What is the representative chemical equation in net ionic format? - ANSWER- 2PO43- (aq) + 3Ca2+ (aq) → Ca3(PO4)2 (s) simplest form when faced with a histogram and asked, "what is an accurate description of the sample distribution?" - ANSWER- Think opposite - "skewed right' means the bars are higher on the left side (when looking at it. more towards the x value 0) "skewed left" means the bars are higher on the right side (when looking at it, higher x values)
