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biological molecules ws, Assignments of Biology

Bellevue CollegeBiology

biological molecules ws from BIO211

Typology: Assignments

2020/2021

Uploaded on 03/06/2023

samantha-tian
samantha-tian 🇺🇸

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Biology 211 Name: Sam Tian Date:
9/29/21
Biological molecules ICA
1. Complete the following table:
Macromolecule Monomer Type of bond
formed in the
polymer
Function
Carbohydrates
- Monosacchari
des
- Glycosidic
bond (type
of covalent
bond)
- Short-term
energy storage
- Structural
support
- Cell to cell
communication
Proteins
- Amino acids
(20 different
aa)
- Peptide
bonds
- Structural
support
- Catalyze
enzymatic
reactions
- Cell
transportation
- Cell machinery
(defense)
Nucleic acids
- Nucleotides - Phosphodies
ter
- Store genetic
info. (DNA)
- Make temp.
copies of DNA
for transl.
(mRNA)
- Carry amino
acids/proteins
around cell
(tRNA)
- Make ribosomes
– rib. = aid
protein
synthesis (RNA)
- Act as enzymes
+ catalyze
chem. Reactions
(ribozymes)
Lipids
- Glycerol
- Fatty acids
- Typically
don’t form
polymers
- long-term
energy storage
- cell membranes
- send
signals/communi
cate
2. Compare and contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions. Define each
and indicate whether energy is required or released.
- Dehydration synthesis/condensation reactions: require energy to form new bonds (release H2O)
- Hydrolysis reactions: release energy that was pent up in the newly broken bonds (consume H 2O
to break bonds)
pf3
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Biology 211 Name: Sam Tian Date: 9/29/ Biological molecules ICA

1. Complete the following table: Macromolecule Monomer Type of bond formed in the polymer Function Carbohydrates - Monosacchari des - Glycosidic bond (type of covalent bond) - Short-term energy storage - Structural support - Cell to cell communication Proteins - Amino acids (20 different aa) - Peptide bonds - Structural support - Catalyze enzymatic reactions - Cell transportation - Cell machinery (defense) Nucleic acids - Nucleotides - Phosphodies ter - Store genetic info. (DNA) - Make temp. copies of DNA for transl. (mRNA) - Carry amino acids/proteins around cell (tRNA) - Make ribosomes - rib. = aid protein synthesis (RNA) - Act as enzymes + catalyze chem. Reactions (ribozymes) Lipids - Glycerol - Fatty acids - Typically don’t form polymers - long-term energy storage - cell membranes - send signals/communi cate 2. Compare and contrast dehydration reactions and hydrolysis reactions. Define each and indicate whether energy is required or released.

  • Dehydration synthesis/condensation reactions: require energy to form new bonds (release H 2 O)
  • Hydrolysis reactions: release energy that was pent up in the newly broken bonds (consume H 2 O to break bonds)

3. If a cell were consuming a great deal of H 2 O, which types of reaction would be occurring most frequently in the cell?

  • Hydrolysis reactions, since they consume H 2 O **Carbohydrates
  1. Given the linear structure of glucose below, identify the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, and number the carbons. Is glucose a hexose, pentose, or triose? Is it an aldose or a ketose?** carbonyl, hydroxyl Aldose + Hexose = **Aldohexose
  2. Classify the function of each of the following polysaccharides as structural or energy storage or both and indicate whether they contain alpha or beta linkages. Starch:**
    • short-term energy storage in plants
    • alpha-glycosidic linkage Glycogen:
    • short term energy storage in animals
    • alpha-glycosidic linkage Cellulose: - structural support in plant cell walls - beta-glycosidic linkage Peptidoglycan:
    • structural support in bacteria cell walls
    • beta-glycosidic linkage Chitin:
    • structural support in insect + crustacean exoskeletons
    • beta-glycosidic linkage

Lipids

9. Label the following components of the lipid below (glycerol, saturated fatty acid, unsaturated fatty acid). Is the lipid below a triglyceride, phospholipid, or sterol?

  • Triglyceride. (1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids.) 10. Membrane properties are mostly influenced by three things: fatty acid tail saturation, cholesterol, and temperature. How does each of these influence fluidity (movement of the phospholipids within the bilayer) and permeability (movement of other substances across the bilayer)? Fatty acid tail saturation:
  • Saturated fats are extremely rigid, due to the fact that they were straight and tightly packed together. Their rigidity restricts the movement of substances across the bilayer as well as fluidity. Unsaturated fats on the other hand, tend to have kinks (double bonds) in their shape that keep them from being able to stack neatly and tightly. (Not a perfect example, but think of trying to squeeze through to the door in a subway full of people, versus one with significantly less people.) Cholesterol:
  • Cholesterol reduces membrane permeability across the bilayer by helping to increase the number of phospholipids that are packed in. It increases fluidity by raising the membrane melting point in the instance of higher temperatures, and by preventing anything from crystalizing at lower temperatures. Temperature: - Since an increase of atomic activity is linked to higher temperatures, the higher the temperature is the higher the fluidity and permeability of a bilayer must be. And the opposite is true as well. (Lower temp., less fluidity + less permeability due to the slowing down of atomic movement.)