ASSURE MODEL (Instructional design) | Lecture notes Advanced Education

DALE’s CONE OF EXPERIENCE: The Eight M’s of Teaching

The Eight M’s of Teaching

1. Milieu – the learning environment

2. Matter – the content of learning

3. Method – teaching and learning activities

4. Material – the resource of learning

5. Media – communication system

6. Motivation – arousing and sustaining interest in learning

7. Mastery – internalization of learning

8. Measurement – evidence that learning took place

In 1946, Edgar Dale developed his theory on Cones of Experience. It is a visual representation of the

types of experiences human beings encounter as they prepare to synthesize the knowledge and convert

it to understanding. Dale mentioned that humans can encounter different types of experiences. Each

level of experience results in a different level of effectiveness as it relies on the process of knowledge. He

has divided his model into three major categories; most abstract to the least abstract, as it travels down

from the top to bottom. According to Dale, the arrangement in the cone is based on abstraction and on

the quantity of senses involved. The experiences in each stage can be mixed and are interrelated that

brings up more meaningful learning.

The version of Dale’s Cone of Experience with percentages as to which band will hone higher order

thinking skills and engage learners more may be confusing because it may not necessarily mean that

learning better takes place when materials or activities belong to the upper level of the cone or that the

nature of involvement is more active if it is in the bottom. For all the descriptive categorization of

learning experiences, other elements such as students’ motivation to be engaged and learn have to be

factored as well.

THE BANDS IN DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE

1. Direct Purposeful Experiences

These are first hand experiences which serve as the foundation of learning. In this level, more senses

are used in order to build up the knowledge. Also, in this level, the learner learned by doing things

by him/herself. Learning happens through actual hands-on experiences. This level explains and

proves one of the principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies, the more senses that are

involved in learning, the more and the better the learning will be. This level also proves that

educational technology is not limited to the modern gadgets and software that are commercially

available nowadays. This shows that even the simple opportunity that you give to each child could

help them learn.

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DALE’s CONE OF EXPERIENCE: The Eight M’s of Teaching The Eight M’s of Teaching

Milieu – the learning environment
Matter – the content of learning
Method – teaching and learning activities
Material – the resource of learning
Media – communication system
Motivation – arousing and sustaining interest in learning
Mastery – internalization of learning
Measurement – evidence that learning took place In 1946, Edgar Dale developed his theory on Cones of Experience. It is a visual representation of the types of experiences human beings encounter as they prepare to synthesize the knowledge and convert it to understanding. Dale mentioned that humans can encounter different types of experiences. Each level of experience results in a different level of effectiveness as it relies on the process of knowledge. He has divided his model into three major categories; most abstract to the least abstract, as it travels down from the top to bottom. According to Dale, the arrangement in the cone is based on abstraction and on the quantity of senses involved. The experiences in each stage can be mixed and are interrelated that brings up more meaningful learning. The version of Dale’s Cone of Experience with percentages as to which band will hone higher order thinking skills and engage learners more may be confusing because it may not necessarily mean that learning better takes place when materials or activities belong to the upper level of the cone or that the nature of involvement is more active if it is in the bottom. For all the descriptive categorization of learning experiences, other elements such as students’ motivation to be engaged and learn have to be factored as well. THE BANDS IN DALE’S CONE OF EXPERIENCE
Direct Purposeful Experiences These are first hand experiences which serve as the foundation of learning. In this level, more senses are used in order to build up the knowledge. Also, in this level, the learner learned by doing things by him/herself. Learning happens through actual hands-on experiences. This level explains and proves one of the principles in the selection and use of teaching strategies, the more senses that are involved in learning, the more and the better the learning will be. This level also proves that educational technology is not limited to the modern gadgets and software that are commercially available nowadays. This shows that even the simple opportunity that you give to each child could help them learn.

2. The Contrived Experiences In this level, representative models and mock-ups of reality are being used in order to provide an experience that as close as reality. This level is very practical and it makes learning experience more accessible to the learner. In this stage, it provides more concrete experiences, even if not as concrete as direct experiences, that allows visualization that fosters better understanding of the concept. 3. The Dramatized experiences In this level, learners can participate in a reconstructed experiences that could give them better understanding of the event or of a concept. Through dramatized experiences, learners become more familiar with the concept as they emerge themselves to the “as-if” situation. 4. The Demonstrations It is a visualize explanation of important fact, idea, or process through the use of pictures, drawings, film and other types of media in order to facilitate clear and effective learning. In this level, things are shown based on how they are done. 5. The Study Trips This level extends the learning experience through excursions and visits on the different places that are not available inside the classroom. Through this level, the learning experience will not be limited to the classroom setting but rather extended in a more complex environment. 6. The Exhibits The level of study trips is followed by exhibits. It is a somewhat a combination of some of the first levels in the cone. Actually, exhibits are combination of several mock ups and models. Most of the time, exhibits are experiences that is “for your eyes” only but some exhibits includes sensory experiences which could be related to direct purposeful experiences. In this level, meanings ideas are presented to the learners in a more abstract manner. This experience allows student to see the meaning and relevance of things based on the different pictures and representations presented. 7. The television and motion pictures etc. The next levels would be the level of television and motion pictures and still pictures, recordings, and Radio. For television and motion pictures, it implies values and messages through television and films. On the other hand, still pictures, recordings and radio are visual and audio devices that can be used by a group of learner that could enhance and extend learning experience 8. The Visual symbolic and Verbal symbolic The last two levels would be the Visual symbolic and Verbal symbolic. These two levels are the most complex and abstract among all the components of the Cone of Experience. In the visual symbolic level, charts, maps, graphs, and diagrams are used for abstract representations. On the other hand, the verbal symbolic level does not involve visual representation or clues to their meanings. Mostly, the things involved in this level are words, ideas, principles, formula, and the likes.

ASSURE MODEL (Instructional design), Lecture notes of Advanced Education

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