Docsity
Log inSign up
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search Store documents

The best documents sold by students who completed their studies

Search through all study resources
Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

University Rankings

Discover the best universities in your country according to Docsity users

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

From our blog

Exams and Study
Go to the blog

Urine Analysis: Normal Values, Clinical Significance, and Stains Used for Confirmation, Assignments of Bacteriology

University of Santo Tomas- Legazpi (USTL)Bacteriology

An in-depth analysis of various urine constituents, including red and white blood cells, epithelial cells, bacteria, and casts. It covers normal values, clinical significance, and stains used for confirmation. Students studying medical laboratory science or nursing may find this document useful for understanding urinalysis techniques.

Typology: Assignments

2022/2023

Uploaded on 01/23/2024

mary-roselle-desiree-verallo
mary-roselle-desiree-verallo 🇵🇭

3 documents

1 / 5

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
MARY ROSELLE DESIREE A. VERALLO MS. STEPHANY MAE CHI
3BSMT1 MT 111.1 – ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODILY FLUIDS, LAB.
MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT #2
URINE CONSTITUENT
SEDIMENT REPORTING NORMAL VALUES CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE STAINS AND TESTS USED
FOR CONFIRMATION
Red Blood Cells It is routinely reported
as the average number
in 10 high-power fields.
In other cases,
microscopic analysis
may be reported at
greater than 100 per
high-power field or
depending on the
laboratory protocol.
0 – 3 per HPF - Associated with damage to the
glomerular membrane or vascular
injury within the genitourinary tract.
- This could also be seen if there is
damage to the vascular integrity of the
urinary tract caused by trauma, acute
infection, inflammation, or coagulation
studies
- Uses a phase contrast
microscopy for identification.
- Sternheimer-Malbin stain
can be used and be
advantageous as it can
make it easier to see the
RBCs.
White Blood
Cells
Neutrophils It can be reported as
the average number
seen in high-power
fields.
0 – 8 per HPF - It can be an indication of
inflammatory conditions of the
urinary tract and almost all renal
diseases.
- Inflammation could be caused by
bacteria or nonbacterial such as
parasites.
- Indicator of possible UTI or vaginal
infections.
- Uses acetic acid for staining
purposes.
- If there are glitter cells,
Sternheimer-Malbin stain is
recommended as it stains
the large cells with light
blue.
Eosinophils 0 – 8 per HPF; finding
more than 1% of
eosinophils is
considered to be
significant.
- The urine is subjected for
routine centrifugation or
cytocentrifugation to obtain
a concentrated and stained
urine sediment used for
urinary eosinophil test.
- Hansel stain is the
preferred stain for
eosinophil but Wright’s or
Giemsa stain can still be
used.
Mononuclear < 5 leukocytes per - Uses acetic acid for
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Urine Analysis: Normal Values, Clinical Significance, and Stains Used for Confirmation and more Assignments Bacteriology in PDF only on Docsity!

MARY ROSELLE DESIREE A. VERALLO MS. STEPHANY MAE CHI

3BSMT1 MT 111.1 – ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODILY FLUIDS, LAB.

MIDTERM ASSIGNMENT

URINE CONSTITUENT

SEDIMENT

REPORTING NORMAL VALUES CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

STAINS AND TESTS USED

FOR CONFIRMATION

Red Blood Cells It is routinely reported as the average number in 10 high-power fields. In other cases, microscopic analysis may be reported at greater than 100 per high-power field or depending on the laboratory protocol. 0 – 3 per HPF - Associated with damage to the glomerular membrane or vascular injury within the genitourinary tract.

  • This could also be seen if there is damage to the vascular integrity of the urinary tract caused by trauma, acute infection, inflammation, or coagulation studies - Uses a phase contrast microscopy for identification. - Sternheimer-Malbin stain can be used and be advantageous as it can make it easier to see the RBCs. White Blood Cells Neutrophils It can be reported as the average number seen in high-power fields. 0 – 8 per HPF - It can be an indication of inflammatory conditions of the urinary tract and almost all renal diseases.
  • Inflammation could be caused by bacteria or nonbacterial such as parasites.
  • Indicator of possible UTI or vaginal infections.
  • Uses acetic acid for staining purposes.
  • If there are glitter cells, Sternheimer-Malbin stain is recommended as it stains the large cells with light blue. Eosinophils 0 – 8 per HPF; finding more than 1% of eosinophils is considered to be significant.
  • The urine is subjected for routine centrifugation or cytocentrifugation to obtain a concentrated and stained urine sediment used for urinary eosinophil test.
  • Hansel stain is the preferred stain for eosinophil but Wright’s or Giemsa stain can still be used. Mononuclear < 5 leukocytes per - Uses acetic acid for

Cells HPF staining purposes.

  • The specimen with an increased number of mononuclear cells should undergo cytodiagnostic urine testing. Epithelial Cells Squamous Epithelial Cells Commonly reported in terms of rare, few, moderate, or many in terms of low-power or high-power magnification. Few per LPF - It could be indicative of vaginal infection by the bacterium called Gardenerella vaginalis.
  • It could be because of poor collection techniques such as not having a clean catch midstream specimen.
  • Uses Rous test which involves Prussian blue reaction.
  • The test could be performed by examining a vaginal wet preparation. Transitional Epithelial Cells Identified and enumerated through high-power magnification which could be reported as rare, few, moderate, or many other protocols. Few per HPF - If it is seen in pairs or clumps after invasive urological procedures then there is no clinical significance.
  • If there is an increase along with an abnormal morphology, it could indicate malignancy or viral infection.
  • Increased number could indicate infection or inflammation of the bladder, ureters, renal pelvis, or male urethra.
  • Uses Rous test which involves Prussian blue reaction. Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells It could be reported as rare, few, moderate, or many and even as the actual number per high- power. Few (0 – 1) per HPF - Indicates tubular injury
  • It could also be an indication or necrosis of renal tubules, with the possibility of affecting overall renal function.
  • It could be seen as a secondary effect of glomerular disorders.
  • Uses Rous test which involves Prussian blue reaction.
  • If there is an evident increase, it could be subjected to cytological urine testing. Oval Fat Bodies It is reported as the average number per high-power field. None - Increased glomerular damage by nephrotic syndrome, tubular necrosis, diabetes mellitus, and long bone trauma.
  • Confirmed by staining the urine sediment with Sudan III or Oil Red O fat stains and examining the sediment using polarizing microscopy. Bacteria Reported as few, moderate, or many per Negative per HPF - Indication of either lower or upper UTI.
  • They must be observed using a high-power

pyelonephritis, chronic renal disease, and congestive heart failure.

  • Increased visualization is obtained by phase microscopy. Red Blood Cells 0 per LPF/HPF - Associated with glomerular diseases.
  • It could be observed after contact with sports.
  • Indication of bleeding within the nephron.
  • Detected through a low- power magnification because of the orange-red color.
  • It could undergo examination through high- power magnification concentrating on the determination of cast matrix. White Blood Cells Negative - Associated with infectious diseases and inflammatory diseases.
  • Visible under low-power magnification but should be confirmed through high- power magnification.
  • Supravital stains might be necessary to see the nuclei characteristics. Bacterial None - Associated with bacterial pyelonephritis.
  • The confirmation is done by performing a Gram stain on the dried or cytocentrifuged sediment. Epithelial Cells None - Indication of acute tubular necrosis but could be present in any renal disease.
  • It could be associated with advanced tubular destruction producing urinary stasis along with disruption of tubular linings.
  • Use of phase microscopy can be helpful in enhancing nuclear detail needed for identification. Fatty Negative - Associated with nephrotic syndrome but could also be seen in toxic tubular necrosis, diabetes mellitus, and crush injuries.
  • Confirmation of fatty casts is performed using a polarized microscopy along with Sudan III or Oil Red O fat stains. Granular Occasionally 0 – 2 per - It could be due to strenuous exercise, - Scanning electron

HPF stress, dehydration, and fever.

  • It could accompany other pathologic casts in the urine. microscope could help in confirmation of the casts as other sediments in the urine.
  • Final identification could be done using high-power magnification to determine the presence of cast matrix. Waxy Negative - Representation of extreme urinary stasis which indicates chronic renal failure.
  • Usage of supravital stains which helps to be seen and identified easily. Broad Absent - Indication of destruction or widening of the tubular walls.
  • It can be associated with tubular necrosis caused by viral hepatitis. - Final identification could be done using high-power magnification to determine the presence of cast matrix.