Anatomy master guide, Lecture notes of Anatomy

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Anatomy

By: Badr Kadhimi

Terms to Determine

surfaces :-

Anterior= Front

Posterior= Back

Medial=near the midline

Lateral=far to the midline

Proximal=near the joint

Distal= far to the joint

Superior=upper

Inferior=lower

Planes:- Sagittal : divides body vertically as medial and lateral Coronal : divides body vertically as anterior and posterior Transverse : divides body horizontally as superior and inferior Bone types & examples Long bone : Humerus Short bone : carpal bones Irregular bone : spine bones Sesamoid bone : patella Flat bone : Sternum Skeleton consists of 2 main parts :- Axial skeleton : skull ,cage and Spine Appendicular skeleton : extremities Beginning

1 Clavicle A long bone located horizontally between neck and shoulder and is palpable It connects the upper limp to the trunk It has two curves in a horizontal plane :- Medial half is convex (anteriorly) Sternal end is enlarged and triangular And it joins with the manubrium of sternum at sternoclavicular joint Lateral half is concave (anteriorly) Superior surface is smooth Inferior surface is rough Scapula acromial end is flat and connects in a joint called acromioclavicular joint Lateral third is concave and flattened ,Medial 2 thirds are convex(which forms the S shape and gives flexibility to clavicle) Inferior surface has :- conoid tubercle ,trapezoid line ,subclavian groove,costoclaviular ligament impression

Scapula (shoulder blade) (Triangular shaped flat bone) Articulates with clavicle by acromioclavicular joint With humerus by glenohumeral joint Has 3 angles :- Superior angle Inferior angle Glenoid cavity (lateral angle) 3 borders :- Superior border Medial border Lateral border 3 fossae:- Subscapular fossa Supraspinus fossa Infraspinus fossa 3 Processes :- Spine of scapula Acromion Coracoid process Tubercles:- Infraglenoid tubercle Supraglenoid tubercle Scapula lies from 2nd to 7th rib posteriorly

Radius Proximal end :- Head(thick and disk shaped) Neck(short and narrow cylinder of bone) Oblique line Radial tuberosity(points do medial) Shaft :- Narrow from proximal end and wide from distal end 3 border :- Anterior Posterior Interosseous”medial” The distal end :- Styloid process

Ulna Upper end:

• It is hook shaped.
• It has two big projections and a notch.
• The upper projection is called olecranon process.
• The lower projection is called coronoid process.
• The notch is called trochlear notch Olecranon process :- Seen from behind Coronoid process :-
• has three surfaces
• Upper surface smooth and articulates with the trochlea of humerus
• Anterior surface ;rough and has the ulnar tuberosity
• Lateral surface has an oval depressed area called supinator Fossa ,its posterior margin is projecting and called supinator crest Lower end :-
• It shows the following:
• Small in size in relation to the upper end.
• Has a head and styloid process.
• The head is directed laterally and articulates with the ulnar notch of radius.
• The styloid process is directed postero-medially. Olecranon process Coronoid process Trochlear notch Radial notch Interosseous border Head of Ulna

Lower extremity bones Os coxae (Hip bones) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Foot bones (tarsal bones, metatarsals, phalanges) https://youtu.be/fY5sn86THoA

Os coxa Is a part of pelvis and is an irregular bone that’s formed by the union of 3 bones (ilium,ischium,pubis) Ilium :- The largest and most superior of coxa major areas It has a crest that goes all over the surface of it and its called iliac crest The part of it that sticks out is called anterior superior iliac spine (palpable) On the opposite side of the spine , we have the greater sciatic notch,on top of it we have the posterior inferior iliac spine. Ischium :- The second part of pelval coxa. It has a bump name the ischial spine , under it we have the lesser sciatic notch A lesser bump that’s irregular on the inferior surface of the ishcium is the ischial tuberosity There’s a big hole named the obturator foremen (the only hole we have in the pelvis half) Pubis :- The most medial part of the pelval coxa Acetabulum :- The rounded basin that the femur head articulates in and form the hip joint Continue ==>

Femur The proximal bone of the leg Head of the femur has a fovea unlike head of humerus We mentioned that humerus has greater and lesser tubercles , here we have higher and lesser trochanters, and we have intertrochanteric line in anterior , and intertrochanteric crest on posterior view. We have a trochanteric fossa The neck of femur head is more prominent than the one of humerus head We have the gluteal tuberosity inferior to the intertrochanteric crest Linea aspera is on the posterior surface of the femur’s shaft Distal to it we can see the medial and lateral Supra-condylar lines On the distal end we have a medial and lateral condoles and epicondyles , and an intercondylar fossa On the anterior of the distal end we can see the patellar surface and the adductor tubercle

Tibia/Fibula Major features Tibia is medial and Fibula is lateral Tibia :- Proximal end has medial and lateral condyles We have tibial tuberosity on anterior surface Fibula :- A very thin bone that has a head in the proximal end And has a lateral Malleolus in the distal end

Axial skeleton The part of skeleton that consists of :- Skull Vertebral column(spine) Thoracic cage Vertebral column

Is the part of skeleton that extends on our back , and covers our spinal cord , consists of 33 vertebrae that device as following : Seven Cervical vertebrae (C1-C7) Twelve Thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12) Five Lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5) Five sacral fused vertebrae (S1-S5) Four coccyx fused vertebrae or segments C1 vertebra is called Atlas C2 Vertebra is called Axis In between these vertebrae , there are intervertebral fibrocartilage disks (except C1&C2) Functions of vertebral column:-

• Protection - encloses and protects the spinal cord within the spinal canal.
• Support - carries the weight of the body above the pelvis.
• Axis - forms the central axis of the body.
• Movement - has roles in both posture and movement. Common structure. They each consist of an anterior vertebral body, and a posterior vertebral arch. The vertebral body forms the anterior part of each vertebrae. It is the weight-bearing component. vertebrae in the lower portion of the column have larger bodies than those in the upper portion (to better support the increased weight).