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Basics of Anatomy

Upper and lower limb

Introduction of

Anatomy

Human anatomy, also known as Anthropotomy, which refer

to the anatomical study of the human body or in other

words Anatomy is the science that studies the structure of

the body.

The human body is a biological system which is the groups

of organs that work together to produce and sustain life

Definition

and

Composition

of Bones

Bone is 1/3 (one third) connective tissue. It is impregnated

with which is filled with calcium salts which constitute the

remaining 2/3 (two third) of bone.

The composition of inorganic calcium salts is

mainly Calcium Phosphate partly Calcium Carbonate. This

composition make the bone hard and rigid, which can

afford resistance to compressive forces of weight-bearing

and impact forces of jumping.

The inorganic calcium salt is calcium hydroxy-apatite

[Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2]

Anatomical

Planes

• Body planes are hypothetical

geometric planes that divide

the human body into

sections. Mainly these body

planes are used in human

anatomy to describe the

direction and location of

body structures.

• There are three planes of the

body:

1. Coronal (frontal)

plane: separates the front

(anterior) and back

(posterior) of the body

2. Sagittal (longitudinal)

plane: separates the left

and right sides of the body

3. Transverse (axial)

plane: separates the upper

(superior) and lower

(inferior) halves of the body

Human body

systems

 There are 11 organ systems in the human body:

1. The skeletal system
2. The muscular system
3. The lymphatic system
4. The respiratory system
5. The digestive system
6. The nervous system, including

the central and autonomic systems

7. The endocrine system, which regulates hormone

production

8. The cardiovascular system, including the heart
9. The urinary system
10. The reproductive system
11. The integumentary system, which includes the skin, hair,

and nails, among other areas

Gross and

Microscopic

Anatomy

Gross anatomy related to the organs that can be seen

without the help of microscope such as a stomach,

whereas microscopic anatomy it indicates which is not

visible to the naked eye and must therefore be viewed with

the help of a microscope, such as the tiny microvilli that

line the crease of the stomach wall.

Shoulder Glenohumeral joint: humerus, scapula, clavicle

Muscles:

**- Superficial: deltoid, trapezius

• Deep: Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis (rotator cuff) muscles**

Mnemonic: Rotator cuff SITS on the shoulder

Arm Bones: humerus

Nerves: they all originate from the brachial plexus

Arteries: branches of the brachial artery

Muscles:

• Anterior compartment: coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii muscles
• Posterior compartment: triceps brachii

Elbow Bones: humerus, radius, ulna

Movements: flexion, extension, pronation, supination

Forearm Bones: radius, ulna

Nerves: radial, ulnar, median nerves

Arteries: branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

Muscles:

• Anterior compartment: superficial, deep layers
• Posterior compartment: superficial, deep layers

Hand Bones: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate,

metacarpals (5), phalanges (proximal, middle, distal)

Nerves: radial, ulnar, median nerves

Arteries: terminal branches of the radial and ulnar arteries

Muscles: thenar, hypothenar, metacarpal muscle groups

Upper limb

Muscle and

Movements

Scapula Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor, Subscapularis, Teres major,

Serratus anterior, Levator scapulae, Rhomboid major, Rhomboid

minor, Trapezius

Shoulder Pectoralis major, Pectoralis minor, Deltoid, Latissimus dorsi

Arm Brachialis, Biceps brachii, Coraco Brachialis, Triceps brachii

Forearm flexors Pronator teres, Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus, Flexor carpi

ulnaris, Flexor digitorum superficialis, Pronator quadratus, Flexor pollicis

longus, Flexor digitorum profundus

Forearm extensors Supinator, Extensor digitorum, Extensor carpi ulnaris, Extensor carpi

radialis longus and brevis, Extensor indicis proprius, Extensor digiti

minimi, Brachioradialis

Hand Thenar eminence, Hypothenar eminence, Interossei, Lumbricals

Mnemonics: 'APB is A Friend Of Police' (thenar muscles

include Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Adductor pollicis, Flexor pollicis

brevis, Opponens Pollicis)

Bones of lower

extremity

• Hip
• innominate (hip bone or pelvic bone)
• Upper leg
• femur (thigh bone)
• patella (kneecap)
• Lower leg
• tibia (shin bone)
• fibula (calf bone)

• tarsals, including:

   talus (ankle bone), calcaneus (heel bone) 

  • Cuboid
  • Navicular
  • medial cuneiform
  • intermediate cuneiform
  • lateral cuneiform
• Forefoot
• metatarsals: Located in the middle of the foot, they are considered part of the forefoot
• phalanges (toes): each toe has three bones except the big toe.

Lower limb at a glance

Hip and pelvis

Bones: hip bones, saccrum, coccyx

Hip joint: ball and socket joint

Muscles: anterior and posterior (superficial, deep) groups

Arteries: gluteal and femoral arteries

Veins: external and internali iliac veins

Nerves: femoral cutaneous, femoral, obturator, sciatic and gluteal nerves, all branches of

the lumbosacral plexus

Thigh Bones: femur

Joints: hip and knee

Muscles: anterior, medial and posterior groups

Arteries: femoral artery and its branches

Veins: femoral vein, circumflex vein, long saphenous vein, and deep vein of the thigh

Nerves: femoral and sciatic nerves, branches from the lumbar and sacral plexuses,

respectively

Muscles of leg

• The leg is divided into three compartments

1. Anterior
2. Posterior and
3. Lateral.

• The anterior muscle group includes

tibialis anterior

extensor hallucis longus

extensor digitorum longus and

fibularis/peroneus tertius.

Muscles of leg

• The posterior

compartment consists of

seven (7)muscles in total

which is divided into

1. superficial and

2. deep groups.

   The superficial muscles 

are -

• Gastrocnemius,
• Soleus (together forming

the triceps surae), and

• Plantaris
• Deep group includes
• Popliteus
• tibialis posterior
• flexor digitorum longus,

and

• flexor hallucis longus.