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A & P 2 Straighterline Final Exam
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When erythrocytes are destroyed, which of the following events occurs? - ✔️The globin portion of the molecule is broken down into amino acids. Type AB blood - ✔️has both A and B antigens on the red cells In the platelet release reaction, - ✔️ADP and thromboxanes stimulate other platelets to become activated. The hematocrit is - ✔️d. the percentage of RBCs in a given volume of blood. What vitamin is necessary to produce many clotting factors in the liver? - ✔️Vitamin K A white blood cell engulfing a bacterium is an example of blood functioning in - ✔️a. protection. The oxygenated form of hemoglobin is called - ✔️oxyhemoglobin The only formed elements that possess a nucleus when mature are the - ✔️c. leukocytes Plasma - ✔️. is the liquid matrix of the blood. An increased amount of heparin in the blood might - ✔️. prevent clotting process. On which chromosome is there a mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia? - ✔️b. chromosome 11 Blood consists of a matrix of plasma and cells; blood is a subtype of ______ tissue. - ✔️e. connective The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called - ✔️b. diapedesis.
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The nervous system and certain chemicals can cause the constriction of a blood vessel. This is known as - ✔️b. vascular spasm The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen. - ✔️factor XII If a blood buffer is absent, what function of the blood would be compromised? - ✔️regulation of pH What is tissue thromboplastin? - ✔️A compound released by damaged tissue that initiates the extrinsic clotting pathway A deficiency of which of the following stem cells would result in a marked increase in the clotting time of blood? - ✔️megakaryoblast Macrophages are derived from - ✔️monocytes Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation? - ✔️conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin The "pacemaker" of the heart is the - ✔️SA node Where is blood moving during the period of ejection? - ✔️Ventricles to great vessels The adult heart averages ___________ grams. - ✔️250- The epicardium - ✔️covers the surface of the heart. Energy for contraction of myocardial cells comes primarily from - ✔️aerobic respiration in the mitochondria What event(s) occur during the QRS complex of an ECG? - ✔️depolarization of the ventricles and repolarization of the atria The relationship between preload and stroke volume is known as - ✔️Starling Law of the heart.
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Which type of vessel has the greatest compliance? - ✔️veins Which of the following thoracic organs is supplied by a parietal branch of the thoracic aorta? - ✔️the intercostal muscles Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause - ✔️increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. According to Poiseuille's law, - ✔️if resistance increases, flow decreases The vein that ascends along the medial side of the lower limb to the femoral vein is the ____ saphenous vein and the vein that ascends along the posterior aspect of the leg to the popliteal vein is the _____ saphenous vein. - ✔️great; small If someone has a blood pressure reading of 110/70 mm Hg, their pulse pressure would be - ✔️40 mm Hg. What is the most important means by which capillary exchange occurs? - ✔️diffusion Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? - ✔️The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? - ✔️Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of - ✔️capillaries. Resistance to blood flow is greatest in - ✔️arterioles The major types of veins are ____________, ____________, and ______. - ✔️superficial veins, deep veins, and sinuses What are vasa vasorum? - ✔️Blood vessels that nourish the tunica adventitia and tunica media.
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Which statement is CORRECT? - ✔️Veins contain valves and arteries do not. Which of the following functions is associated with vessels that carry blood directly from arterioles to veins without passing through capillaries? - ✔️thermoregulation Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries?
✔️kidney Case study: Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock. The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Compensatory shock is characterized by a narrowed pulse pressure. Which of the following blood pressure readings is an example of a narrowed pulse pressure? - ✔️. 92/ Case study: Dale Fremore was back home after spending the day at a picnic where he ate some "spoiled" potato salad. He developed severe abdominal pain and cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea. After about ten to twelve episodes of water diarrhea, Mr. Fremore became so pale and weak he could hardly walk. His wife took him to the hospital where he was diagnosed with severe dehydration (decreased plasma volume). Mr. Fremore was suffering from shock. The body has several mechanisms that can come into play to try to maintain blood pressure and blood flow when a person goes into shock. Urine output usually decreases when a person is in shock. This is the result of - ✔️increased renin secretion. In response to circulatory shock, - ✔️the renin-angiotensin mechanism is activated.
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What is the function of thymosin? - ✔️maturation of T cells Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system? - ✔️Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells. The lymphatic system is involved in - ✔️lipid absorption from the digestive tract Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to - ✔️trap microorganisms. Tonsils - ✔️provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities. The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by - ✔️returning interstitial fluid to the plasma. The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that - ✔️the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues. Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ? - ✔️thymus gland A small molecule that can cause an allergic reaction is a/an - ✔️hapten. The secondary or memory response - ✔️provides better protection than the primary response. Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases - ✔️lymphocytes must recognize an antigen. Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include - ✔️increased vascular permeability Transfusing a person with plasma proteins from a person or an animal that has been actively immunized against a specific antigen provides - ✔️passive immunity Which of the following might occur after a helper T cell is presented with a processed antigen and costimulated? - ✔️Helper T cells release interleukins that stimulate B cells to clone.
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Several days after an initial contact with an antigen, antibody blood levels increases. This is a - ✔️primary response Which of the following cytokines is mismatched? - ✔️lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells Antibodies - ✔️have a variable region that binds to a specific antigenic determinant. In a patient experiencing a parasitic worm infection, which of the following immune cells will greatly increase in number? - ✔️eosinophils The intense inflammatory response seen in poison ivy is due to activity of the - ✔️delayed hypersensitivity cells. Which of the following is NOT an aging effect of the lymphatic system and immunity?
✔️Fluid removal by the lymphatic capillaries is reduced. The HIV virus infects - ✔️helper T cells. An abnormal, exaggerated response of the immune system is called - ✔️hypersensitivity Which of the following is false? - ✔️There is currently only one cure for AIDS - AZT. Several research groups are working on vaccines that will be effective against the AIDS virus. When a successful vaccine is produced, it is likely to be injected to produce - ✔️active artificial immunity. In immunodeficiency diseases, - ✔️inadequate B and/or T cell formation may occur. The largest of the laryngeal cartilages is the - ✔️thyroid cartilage What is the function of the nasal conchae? - ✔️increases turbulence and surface area for cleaning, warming and moisturizing the air
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Explain why the PO2 of the blood leaving pulmonary capillaries is 104 mm Hg, but the blood leaving the lungs to enter the left atrium is 95 mm Hg - ✔️Deoxygenated blood from bronchial circulation is mixed with blood from oxygenated alveolar circulation During exercise, ventilation initially increases due to - ✔️limb movements that stimulate the respiratory center. If you exercise with enough intensity that the blood pH is changed, you have exceeded the _______. - ✔️anaerobic threshold All of the following are changes seen in the respiratory system with aging, except - ✔️Decreased lung compliance As the result of an asthmatic attack, - ✔️ventilation is inadequate to oxygenate blood. A patient has severe pneumonia, which has thickened the respiratory membrane. Despite oxygen therapy, he still has rapid respiration and feels as if he is not getting enough air. This is because - ✔️even though he is receiving enough oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions accumulate in his blood and cause the respiratory rate to continue to increase. Where does the majority of nutrient absorption occur? - ✔️the jejunum and duodenum Damage to the liver would hamper digestion of - ✔️lipids Arrange the following structures in order from the small intestine to the rectum. (1) ascending colon (2) descending colon (3) sigmoid colon (4) transverse colon - ✔️1, 4, 2, 3 A blockage in the colon where the ascending colon turns to become the transverse colon would occur at - ✔️hepatic flexure One of the major functions of the large intestine is to - ✔️convert chyme to feces
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The _____________ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity. - ✔️gastrointestinal Cholecystokinin is produced by endocrine cells of the - ✔️small intestine All of the following are substances found within saliva, except _________. - ✔️hydrochloric acid What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine? - ✔️It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions Enterokinase - ✔️activates trypsinogen Which of the following is an end product of protein digestion? - ✔️amino acids Which of the following statements regarding swallowing is true? - ✔️In the pharyngeal phase, food is moved through the pharynx How does the muscularis layer of the esophagus differ from the rest of the digestive tract? - ✔️the superior part is skeletal muscle Gastrocolic reflexes are reflexes that - ✔️cause mass movements of the colon when food is present in the stomach Which of the following is mismatched? - ✔️distention of intestinal wall - increases intestinal motility Which of the following is NOT a type of propulsion in the digestive tract? - ✔️segmental contraction Inflammation of the gums is called - ✔️gingivitis Inflammation of the stomach mucosa in the area superior to the pyloric sphincter is most appropriately referred to as - ✔️gastric ulcer. How are ions such as sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate transported from the intestinal lumen? -
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✔️Anabolic reactions are involved in the production of proteins from amino acids With uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, the increased lipid metabolism will cause an increase in ______ formation. - ✔️ketone bodies What amino acid is usually formed from the transamination of another amino acid? - ✔️glutamic acid The events that occur in the postabsorptive state collectively - ✔️maintain blood glucose levels. Which of the following events would occur when the environmental temperature is considerably lower than body temperature? - ✔️vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin Why is it important that glucose be converted to glucose-6-phosphate once glucose enters a cell? - ✔️Glucose can't diffuse out of the cell if it is in this form All of the following are located in the renal cortex, except - ✔️afferent arteriole The kidney functions in - ✔️excretion of metabolic wastes Which of these vessels gives rise to the peritubular capillary? - ✔️efferent arteriole The juxtamedullary nephrons - ✔️. have long loops of Henle The renal papillae extend into the - ✔️minor calyces The kidney is protected from mechanical shock by the - ✔️renal fat pad The urinary bladder - ✔️stores urine until it is voided The portion of the nephron that empties into the collecting duct is the - ✔️distal convoluted tubule
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Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, potassium and chloride cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of - ✔️facilitated diffusion. If extracellular fluid osmolality is 385 mOsm/kg, the kidneys will increase reabsorption of - ✔️water. At the rate of 125 ml of filtrate/minute, estimate the amount of filtrate formed in 24 hours - ✔️180 liters Which of the following would help maintain the medullary concentration gradient? - ✔️urea movement from the collecting duct to medullary interstitial fluid In glomerular nephritis, proteins and white blood cells enter the filtrate resulting in - ✔️increased urine output. Urine flows through the ureters to the bladder as the result of - ✔️peristaltic contractions. Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by ________________. - ✔️compression of the ureteral openings The kidney dialysis machine is an example of a mechanical - ✔️countercurrent system Which of the following is NOT an effect of aging on the kidneys? - ✔️a marked decrease in the ability to maintain homeostasis Effects of aging on the kidneys include all of the following, except - ✔️an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood. With aging, a loss of inhibitory action potentials to the sacral region of the spinal cord results in - ✔️uncontrollable micturition. In order to regulate the pH of extracellular fluid, the kidneys are able to adjust the excretion of: - ✔️hydrogen ions Azetazolamide (Diamox) is a diuretic. It functions by blocking the activity of carbonic anhydrase inside kidney tubule cells. This slows the formation of carbonic acid. By slowing the formation of hydrogen ions in the cells of the tubule, sodium reabsorption
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An increase in the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid will trigger a(n) ___________ in the secretion of ADH and a(n) ____________ in thirst. - ✔️increase; increase Which of the following represents the largest fluid compartment? - ✔️Intracellular fluid Which of the following substances releases hydrogen ions into a solution? - ✔️acids As a result of hyperventilation, - ✔️the plasma PCO2 level decreases. The predominant extracellular anion is - ✔️Chloride Parathyroid hormone effects the - ✔️intestine, kidneys, and bone. In which of the following situations does one see large volumes of dilute urine produced? - ✔️ADH levels decrease What cell structure regulates the composition of the intracellular fluid? - ✔️Plasma membrane The accessory glands located near the membranous urethra are the - ✔️bulbourethral glands. Male infants can be born with an undescended testis. This means that the testis - ✔️remains in the abdominopelvic cavity. Which of the following structures would be found in the spermatic cord? - ✔️ductus deferens The ductus deferens - ✔️passes through the inguinal canal and enters the pelvic cavity. The opening in the abdominal wall through which the testes descend is the - ✔️inguinal canal The thick white capsule that covers each testes is called the - ✔️tunica albuginea The longest portion of the male urethra is the -
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✔️spongy urethra The spongy urethra is surrounded by the - ✔️corpus spongiosum Arrange the following structures in the order sperm would pass through them from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra. (1) ductus deferens (vas deferens) (2) efferent ductules (3) epididymis (4) ejaculatory duct (5) rete testis - ✔️5, 2, 3, 1, 4 The secretions produced by the prostate gland - ✔️constitute about 30% of the semen. The process of meiosis provides for the reorganization of the the entire complement of human genes, the human genome. Meiosis occurs in the production of gametes in
✔️both males and females Contraction of the cremaster and dartos muscles - ✔️pull the testes closer to the body. Which portion of the sperm cell is most involved with penetration of the female sex cell? - ✔️acrosome Which of the following substances are found in the secretions of the prostate gland?
✔️fibrinolysin and clotting factors What is the active hormone in target tissues of testosterone such as the penis? - ✔️dihydrotestosterone Which of the following events occurs in an erection? - ✔️engorgement of erectile tissue of penis with blood At the end of meiosis I there are __________, whereas at the end of meiosis II there is/are __________. - ✔️two haploid cells; four haploid cells Which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system? - ✔️Creation of antibodies
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Assume a couple has just completed intercourse and sperm have been deposited in the woman's reproductive tract. Trace the pathway of the sperm through the female reproductive tract to the point where fertilization will most likely occur. (1) cervix (2) fallopian tubes (3) cavity of uterus (4) vagina - ✔️4, 1, 3, 2 Which of the following statements is false? Select one: a. Estrogen causes endometrial cells to proliferate. b. After ovulation, the endometrium becomes thicker. c. Rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract. d. The uterine cycle makes the endometrium a hospitable environment for implantation. e. The endometrium receives the trophoblast. - ✔️Rising progesterone levels cause the myometrium to contract. Frequently during childbirth, an episiotomy is performed. In this procedure the _____ is cut - ✔️perineum Menstrual cramps are most commonly caused by - ✔️increased prostaglandin secretions. Progesterone - ✔️causes cellular hypertrophy in the endometrium. The release of the secondary oocyte from the ovary is called - ✔️ovulation. As a secondary follicle enlarges, - ✔️a theca or capsule is formed around it The menstrual cycle can be divided into three continuous phases. Starting from the first day of the cycle, their consecutive order is - ✔️menses, proliferative, secretory. Which of the following is NOT an age-related change in the male reproductive system - ✔️decline of sperm production until no more sperm are produced A Pap test is used to detect - ✔️cervical cancer
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Colostrum differs from milk in that it contains - ✔️a little fat What is the acrosomal reaction? - ✔️The activation of enzymes for action on the surface of the egg As parturition nears, the levels of progesterone ______ and the levels of estrogen ______. - ✔️decrease; increase The hormone responsible for milk production is - ✔️prolactin The inclusion of ______________ in a woman's diet during the early stages of her pregnancy significantly reduces the risk for neural tube defects in her developing embryo. - ✔️Folic acid In fetal circulation, the blood containing the highest amount of oxygen is found in the
✔️umbilical vein Somites give rise to - ✔️muscles Which of the following is mismatched? Select one: a. foramen ovale - ligamentum ovale b. ductus arteriosus - ligamentum arteriosus c. ductus venosus - ligamentum venosus d. umbilical vein - ligamentum teres of the liver e. umbilical arteries - cords of umbilical arteries - ✔️foramen ovale - ligamentum ovale What is formed by closure of neural groove? - ✔️neural tube Which gland is formed by an evagination from the floor of the diencephalon? - ✔️posterior pituitary gland Which of the following events near the end of pregnancy might indicate parturition is near? - ✔️The uterus begins regular contractions.
