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Treaty-making Powers & Wars in American Expansion: War of 1812 to Chinese Immigration, Exams of Nursing

Boston College (BC)Nursing

The significance of treaty-making powers and wars in american expansion, focusing on the war of 1812, perry's expedition to japan, and the impact of these events on us-european relations and the emergence of american exceptionalism. The text also discusses the coolie trade, the end of the mex-am war, and the beginning of chinese immigration.

Typology: Exams

2023/2024

Available from 02/28/2024

ClemBSC 🇺🇸

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AMERICA AND THE WORLD II: MIDTERM

STUDY PACKET 2024

Class Introduction

What are the 3 themes of this class?

•

This class will discuss how to use the term America—what does America and the World mean?

Should we call it America in the world?

•

3 THEMES:

o 1] AMERICAN IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM- how has it changed w/ relations w/

other countries? How has it behaved?

o 2] US IN/TO/AND THE WORLD- the many ways US has influenced/impacted the world

▪

Missionaries and their ideas

▪

Military (prolonged presence in other countries?)

▪

Merchants and their products, aka capitalists

o 3] THE WORLD IN/TO/AND THE US- how the world has influenced us. How the

ripples come back to the US

▪

Ex: Immigrants changing the US

•

MAIN FOCUS: social, cultural, economic, and political history

Lecture 1: The Young Republic in the World (1.25.16)

•

Q: Who and what is America?

•

The 3 themes—talking ab American identity & nationalism

•

Answer is partly material (boundaries and borders) and partly ideological

•

REPUBLICANISM

•

13 colonies DOI, July 4, 1776

•

Independence by 1783

What was the state of America after the Rev?

•

Overwhelmingly AGRARIAN—3% pop lives in town w/ pops > 8,000

•

10% of non-NA pop live west of Appalachians

•

NYC/Phili becoming centers of commerce

•

Looks a lot like the way THOMAS JEFFERSON wanted it to look

o Had a specific vision of REPUBLICANISM- not related to TD’s GOP

▪

Model of politics existing since Ancient Greece

Partial preview of the text

Download Treaty-making Powers & Wars in American Expansion: War of 1812 to Chinese Immigration and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

AMERICA AND THE WORLD II: MIDTERM

STUDY PACKET 2024

Class Introduction What are the 3 themes of this class?

This class will discuss how to use the term America—what does America and the World mean? Should we call it America in the world?
3 THEMES: o 1] AMERICAN IDENTITY AND NATIONALISM- how has it changed w/ relations w/ other countries? How has it behaved? o 2] US IN/TO/AND THE WORLD- the many ways US has influenced/impacted the world ▪ Missionaries and their ideas ▪ Military (prolonged presence in other countries?) ▪ Merchants and their products, aka capitalists o 3] THE WORLD IN/TO/AND THE US- how the world has influenced us. How the ripples come back to the US ▪ Ex: Immigrants changing the US
MAIN FOCUS: social, cultural, economic, and political history Lecture 1: The Young Republic in the World (1.25.16)
Q: Who and what is America?
The 3 themes—talking ab American identity & nationalism
Answer is partly material (boundaries and borders) and partly ideological
REPUBLICANISM
13 colonies DOI, July 4, 1776
Independence by 1783 What was the state of America after the Rev?
Overwhelmingly AGRARIAN—3% pop lives in town w/ pops > 8,
10% of non-NA pop live west of Appalachians
NYC/Phili becoming centers of commerce
Looks a lot like the way THOMAS JEFFERSON wanted it to look o Had a specific vision of REPUBLICANISM- not related to TD’s GOP ▪ Model of politics existing since Ancient Greece

▪ Form of democracy that says every individual has unalienable rights that cannot be voted away

Political participation, dedication to general good, individual virtue o Alex Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay are all FEDERALISTS: want rule by elite, extensive foreign relations, US should be large player in foreign affairs, must be rich to have political liberties, key is COMMERCE, strong fed govt.
JEFF & REPUBLICANS
Elected 1800
“Jeffersonian Democracy” o Symbol of the YOMEN FARMER- agrarian republic where most ppl would be farmers, farmers are the backbone of society, the “chosen people of God” since farmers are self- sufficient, economically independent so could pursue public good o Not against commerce should be in international trade, some manufacturing should exist, but afraid of over-industrialization o Protect independence of the ppl, limited fed govt o Ironic—he acts as a strong leader w/ powerful fed govt o Wrote DOI
1800s US:
Surrounded by Empires British in Canada/US, Spain in Western US/FL, French as well
Rest held by nations of NAs
NORTHWEST ORDINANCE, 1787 - created Northwest territory gained from GB after Rev o 2 REASONS why this is important ▪ 1] establishes steps/rules for settling land, how new states become to be
Conflicting views in govt.: should we expand now?
Creates ability for western expansion ▪ 2] Prohibits slavery in this area OH R. boundary b/t slave territory and free
Debates over new territories: free or slave? What was Napoleon’s Role of Influence on America?
France and GB at war, 1803 - 1815, Napoleonic Wars spilled over into Atlantic
2 ways US benefited:
1] HAITAIN REVOLUTION, 1791 - 1804

▪ US reasserted rights, total disrespect of US ▪ Jeff knew 0 resources to go to war, implemented PEACABLE COERCION, aka EMBARGO ACT OF 1807 - if can’t respect our rights, ships will stay home—no exports ▪ Jeff naïve—thought US would agree, but not case, just forced ppl to smuggle ▪ Began supervision of coast/regulation/enforcement drain on resources, smuggling increases, media protest ▪ Creates NATIONAL DEPRESSION- NE hardest hit (sailors, shipbuilding industry at standstill, even talks of recession ▪ Negative effects on US, Brit merchants took over markets US no longer in

Damaged relations b/t US & GB/FR o Lifted act b4 leaving office
Madison now in office, wasn’t able to make much headway w/ foreign probs either o Eur disrespect & Am. exposure of powerlessness from these little dilemmas o US wanted Brit respect
2 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO WAR o 1] Brit helping NA, arming them, only way to make West safe for settling was to drive o 2] Am. eyeing Spanish FL, slaves escaping here, access to GULF OF MEXICO here, Spain an ally of GB here too
US goes to war w/ GB wanting respect from GB o JAMES MADISON thought answer to win was CANADA—sent supplies here, defends national pride o Am.s optimistic ab war o Brit found war as “annoying sideshow” main goal was to keep US out of Canada, focus on FR o Brit occupy DC, burn capitol, slideshow of humiliations for US
Ends o 2,200 Ams die, ends in stalemate TREATY OF GHENT- Dec 24, 1814 o US viewed it as win—no more impressment o Canadians saw it as win b/c US kept out o Brit fine b/c beat Napoleon in 1815 & kept Canada

Why does War of 1812 matter? o 1] TURNING POINT B/T US AS YOUNG REPUBLIC & YOUNG NATION AS FORCE TO BE RECKONED W/ (has to do w/ identity, nationalism) ▪ Huge expenditure of national power that goes into manufacturing, infrastructure, industry, economic development o 2] IMPACT OF NATIONAL PSYCHE ▪ Ended w/ BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS- w/ Jackson defeating GB, US lose 3, GB lost 2,000! ▪ War quickly rewritten as US victory ▪ Waged in Jan 1815 — 2 weeks after treaty, war over… o See this as 2 nd^ Rev, US feeling gains of Rev secure o Now, we can exist as an independent nation o Silenced international doubters and external critics, surge of confidence and nationalism ▪ Important b/c many ppl considering developing national ID what does it mean to be Am? o War gave us NATIONAL ANTHEM—Francis Scott Key at Baltimore ▪ Set to tune of Brit drinking song
TAKEAWAYS o Answer to Q: part of being rep is figuring this out o War 1812 important to rep outside of world and internally respected as well Lecture 2: The Young Republic in the World II Q: Who and what is Am? (economic-focused answer)
War of 1812 = 2 nd^ Rev War o Surge of confidence, nationalism, national union/ID o US still underdeveloped @ end of war ▪ Rapid pop increase, agrarian-based economy, booming birth rates ▪ Thought NRs would help them to grow o NAs had terrible blow by war: now helpless to resist western expansion ▪ “Losers of war”
Tenskwatawa (“The Prophet”, inspired religious revival) and Tecumseh (set out to unite all NAs to resist whites)

o 4] If EUR nation tried to control other nations in West Hem, is hostile act vs. US

3 concepts: o 2 separate spheres of influence o Non-colonization o Non-intervention
EUR paid little attention to this, wasn’t known as Monroe Doctrine until 30 yrs later
Why important? o 1] Expression of US Nationalism o 2] Expression of US concern to possible threats ”hands-on” side to US, we’ll establish new colonies later o 3] Established Am. hegemony (leadership/dominance by one country) in West Hem, later US govt could justify aggressive actions
Used later, becomes important them
Is a LONG-STANDING TENET OF US FOREIGN POLICY US in Atlantic World
Well-integrated in EUR markets b/c GB rule
Hiccups in War 1812—no access to West Indies, no protection from GB Navy (pirates exist)
½ exports to GB, 40% imports from GB o Atlantic O. becomes highway for exchange b/t US and EUR (tech development, goods, etc.) US late to Pacific
EUR powers been here for centuries o Porcelain, silk, spices trading networks already established here o Many explorations by GB explorer JAMES COOK in 1768 o 1830, GB began settling Australia and NZ o By 1850s, Pacific is freeway EUR countries all have little pieces of Asia and all want trade w/ China (richest nation, huge markets)—US wants in on Chinese trading
After independence, could trade w/ China o Dangerous to sail here—typhoons, pirates, long trips, usually only elites made trips o So lucrative though! Ppl made $mils off trade

o US gets to China in 1784, late to hame o Created US 1 st^ millionaires, would put it back into US economy for development

CANTON- luxury marketplace of Pacific, all countries came to trade here w/ merchants o Am. wanted silk, porcelain, knick-knacks (fans/pottery), luxury goods to signal luxury and prestigious status o Trade port—Chinese controls rules of trade, but when opened up—they did not o Wanted tastes of sophistication—gentility important to Am. elites at time o Trying to gain cultural legitimacy as well (NATIONALISM) o Wanted TEA (green tea is major beverage in US until 1830s—made water potable) o US gave Chinese silver for tea in return o Working class would buy porcelains, elites buy luxury items, everyone bought tea
Stimulated CLIPPER SHIPS to transport tea and other Chinese goods o Narrow, but built for SPEED! 2x faster than traditional merchant ships b/c tea needed to be fresh o China didn’t want anything US had (rum, fur, pelts, salt-fish, lumber, flower) ▪ After 50 yrs, China had enough fur and pelts Otters became near extinct ▪ China began to want SANDLEWOOD which they got from Hawaii (“Sandlewood Mt.s”) supply became depleted o US also traded GINSENG and COTTON o No consistent, dependent commodity to give China though… o By looking for products China wanted, added to US knowledge of Pacific, established trade roots, ports, and relations by 1830s
Emerging prob w/ China trade: GB had little Chinese wanted o Chinese wanted silver, but we both had limited supply o Solution: drug-trafficking GB sells OPIUM to China (addictive) o Chinese imperial govt outlawed opium in 18C, but lots of smuggling o Ams got opium from Turkey to get into trade—profitable, but played minor role for US, major for GB
OPIUM WAR (1839-1842)
GB wins, forced China to sign unfair treaty, THE TREATY OF NANKING- opens up China— 4 new ports, GB gets HONG KONG

▪ Cuba and Jamaica- work on sugar plantations ▪ Peru- harvested Guano (bird poop used to fertilize soil) in pits [needed for exhausted soils in order for them to work again]

Dangerous work—extreme heat, dangerous fumes that would damage worker’s bodies, guards hired to prevent coolie suicide
None survived who were sent to harvest guano
Reasons why possible? o 1] Opium war opens China o 2] End of illegal Atlantic slave trade looking for cheap sources of labor
½ mil men sent by US b/t 1830 and 1870 o Agents who shipped them paid $15-$ o Coolies sold for $ TAKEAWAYS
Am emerges from War of 1812 confidently, embarks on period of economic growth, going out to world to flex muscles politically and economically
More sense of a nation now
Although no longer colony, still benefiting from imperial ways of doing things Lecture 3: Westward Expansion (2.1.16) Q: How does Westward Expansion produce, reaffirm, and complicate American nationalism?
PRIMARY SOURCE- thing produced at the time you are studying o Exs: telegrams, newspaper, editorials, memos, paintings
Painting- American Progress, Westward: The Source of Destiny o Has biblical meanings to it as well as other meanings o Evolution of people—NAs, farmers, settlers o Progress: East West o COLUMBIA: goddess of liberty, represents Am ▪ Book for education, stretching telegraph wires ▪ Only woman in photo o Peaceful o Shows us period, gives us a flavor

o Painting in 1872, has already acquired all continental places ▪ Transcontinental RR complete in 1869, economic prosperity Describe the role of the concept of MANIFEST DESTINY in Westward Expansion

Term comes from JOHN O’SULLIVAN’s article in NY Herald o Primary source o Not just continental—INVOLVES THE WORLD
Central component of Am. NATIONALISM expressed as AM EXCEPTIONALISM US has special virtues, our duty to expand and save the world o Contains sense of mission (religious/secular) and entitlement (land given by God)
Big deal with Am. Exceptionalism? o All nations find themselves exceptional o What’s diff? We can change world, make nations like US, and we’d have perfect world to reach ultimate perfection = to end history
THE SECOND GREAT AWAKENING (1790-1830)
Increase church membership, # sects, # itinerant preachers
3 Core Ideas of Evangelicals/Revivalists o 1] Free Will o 2] Perfectionism- ability to be cleansed o 3] Belief in millennium to save the world
Strengthened Am belief of INDIVIDUALISM
Belief of Anglo-Saxon Supremacy LAND BELONGED TO WHITES FROM GB o NAs/Mexicans are lower, needed to be civilized people though they would disappear o Another thought: these people should be removed completely
Manifest destiny was a specific form of American exceptionalism from 1830s-1850s AMERICAN EXCEPTIONALISM
NATIONALISM IN JACKSONIAN AMERICA
1829 - 1837 —Jackson in office
Fast rise in politics, but famous for military successes o TN congressmen and militiamen, Dem, self-made man w/ humble background

▪ A-S Supremacy = elite upper crust of society, Manifest Destiny (MD) is also racial!

NATURALIZATION LAW OF 1790 - can immigrate to US and become citizen only if free white man o Definition of terms in which people can become citizens o Establishes precedent for who can become a citizen later o 1870s—another Naturalization Law stating AAs can become citizens o No NAs, blacks—neither could be citizens o Am is for white men this idea converging and reinforcing itself with American ideology and policy
Mexico gains independence from Spain in 1821 o US of Mexico is 1 st^ name, pretty similar w/ US o Unstable—political upheaval, violence, crumbling economy o AKA “New Spain”
US interested in TX for agriculture, CA for access to Pacific and 2 harbors (SF, SD) would make US continental o Part of MX o TX had cotton, which was increasing quickly o US tries to buy TX, proposal rejected o MX tries to limit settlement by giving land grants in return for allegiance to MX City
US comes to greater #s than expected w/ slaves o Outnumbered Mexicans 10: o MX saw this as way for US to take over o Most settlers White Am Protestants who felt MXs as inferior (mixed race, Catholic) o MX outlaws slavery in 1829 and closed TX to immigration in 1830, ignored by US and fighting begins o Am.s claim independent from MX as Republic of TX o TX wins TX Rev, gains independence
TX asked for ANNEXATION, US originally says no o Economic crisis, and no process in constitution, also annexation would throw off balance b/t Free and Slave states

o 28 th^ state finally in 1845 o MX threatens war if annexed, but does not live up to own threat

BORDER DISPUTES o TX claims Rio Grande is border, MX says Nueces River o Leads to war
US-MEX WAR (1846-1848) o JAMES K. POLK is president w/ platform of expansion ▪ Sent small army led by ZACHARY TAYLOR from Nueces R to Rio Grande, tells him to claim MX attacked, and Congress declares war o Unjust war provoked by US to get MX’s land o Very little impact in life in US, but became unpopular b/c 63,000 die from combat and disease in total, expensive o @ time, bloodiest and most costly war in US Hist o TREATY OF GUADALUPE-HIDALGO, 1848 - For $15 mil, TX becomes in US, in Coda o $10 mil purchase for RR land (GADSDEN PURCHASE) ▪ Gadsden Purchase marks end of contiguous expansion in 1863 o This was a RACIAL PROJECT as well increase in idea of superiority of the A-S race, reaffirmed it, becomes widespread
Thinking began that Am. should not be blamed for getting TX, it’s Mex’s fault for being mixed race and unable to control it, good for world to take land and improve it b/c white
MD originally seen as sowing seeds of freedom in US and world o By end of war, Am.s believe some races biologically inferior, not equipped properly ALTERNATIVES: WHAT TO DO WITH THE NATIVE AMERICANS?
1] Extermination
2] Political Subordination
3] Rule Over Them (Military Govt. in MX by US)
US should be empire/colonial power over MX
How could rep be an empire? o This would be corrupting, US identity = 1 st^ Rev-won Rep, but Rep ruined if inferior ppl brought in w/o civic virtue necessary to appreciate benefits of Am

o Fierce resistance by Cherokee lead by JOHN ROSS, begin to appeal to the courts ▪ Cherokees win 2 SC cases ”you are sovereign nation w/ rights to self-govt” o GA refuses to accept this puts all Cherokee land into lottery and give it to citizens o States opposing SC, crisis begins—threatening very nature of Rep and CONST o Many allies go vs. Cherokee, say to give up

TREATY OF NEW ECHOTA, 1835 —Cherokee leaders sign to agree to Removal o 15,000 sign petition opposed to this o Senate ratifies, set deadline as to when have to leave o Cherokee stay when deadline comes, Govt. sends 7,000 men o Sent into camps after, 1000/camps, forced to leave, sent to OK territory o Soldiers unprepared, bad conditions on Trail of Tears, 4,000 Cherokee die on way o ABOLITIONISTS were right purpose of this was expansion of slavery, creation of Cotton Kingdom ROAD TO SAND CREEK
Western Expansion opens this up!
Cotton creating immense wealth o Has most $M airs out of any industry o Ppl think this now should be model for society plantation owners should be on top
REPUBLICAN IDEOLOGY- all hard-working men should be able to rise to power o Rep party = supporters wealthy, plant owners = “Slave Class”
1862, HOMESTEAD ACT- gives land to anyone willing to work it (could claim up to 160 acres)
MORRILL LAND-GRANT ACTS, 1862 - provided grants of land to states to finance the establishment of colleges specializing in “agriculture and the mechanic arts”
PACIFIC RAILROAD ACTS, 1862 & 1864- authorizes the issuance of government bonds and the grants of land to railroad companies
CO- bit of backwater for time o Activity booms, gold-mining fuels Union funding o Becomes central focal point for Western development
Conflict with people who live here as we look to expand o Conflict w/ Cheyenne previously in CO Cheyenne raids frequent

JOHN CHIVINGTON- Methodist minister and Union war-hero (saves CO from Confed- invasion) o 100 days given by gov. CO to build army and track down Cheyenne o Gov. CO message to NA: if you don’t come to us and ask you to protect us, you will not be protected o Cheyenne come and say want peace, gov. sends him to SAND CREEK RESERVATION
Call Chivington’s group “Bloodless Third”, how have you not killed anyone? Coward! o To gain faith back of ppl, Nov 28 attacks reservation @ Sand Creek o Surround fort, kill anyone who runs o Soldiers inside fort agree to join Chivington o 500 in fort, warriors on hunt in AM, see 700 men surrounding o Leader of Cheyenne told ppl not to worry, sends white flag and Am. flag up o Chivington then storms camp o Women beg for mercy and killed, children buried themselves alive, most ran but didn’t escape o 6 - 8 hours, most of them dead (150 dead, mostly women/children) o After, bodies mutilated
SILAS SOULE- one cpt. Who disobeyed order to attack, refused to take part in brutal massacre, testifies to what happened in truth o Then killed few days later by soldiers involved
No soldiers convicted of crimes
Direct Consequences o Sparks series of brutal NA wars o Cheyenne and Orakpo survives, retreat to North twd Sioux to help them o NAs no longer trust whites o They even defeat US army several times some of most complete defeats of US Army in Am. Hist
Sioux can’t sustain fight forever, US Army relentless, use SCORTCHED EARTH POLICY to destroy land o Lost #1 source food—Bison (near extinct) o Surrender, agree to reservations

o 2 - PATRONAGE: give out good-$ jobs in politics to friends and supporters, regardless of merit ▪ Most given jobs on reservation, start rumors ab. Ghost Dance and pleas for help, inexperienced and corrupt

2] EXPANSION OF NAVY- US increase expansion in Pacific o US needs to modernize navy, very small o Where to get funding? Some say army $ o US must prove power w/ expansion
3] Perception of NAs- some soldiers never left their city and never ran into NAs, form opinions from media/newspapers as blood-thirsty hostile savages o Explains enthusiasm of soldiers during massacre o Rhetoric vs. Reality, GEN MILES tells DC is furious ab military blunder, recommends large-scale fed investigation ▪ Harrison refuses, awards 20 MEDALS OF HONOR to Soldiers involves… CLOSING THOUGHTS
Different answers to NA question poor plotters want to expel NA b/c believed could rise in West o Bond together to expel NAs
Some ppl conceal NA in vast bureaucracy, reservations
This story is STORY OF PROGRESS coming at expense of NAs
How much progress have we truly made if we exploit humans to get there? Lecture 5: The Market Revolution (2.8.16)
In the 19C, US becomes very wealthy/powerful/strong Q: How did the US get so wealthy during the 19c?
One answer: ABUNDANT NATURAL RESOURCES Am exceptionalism—US blessed w/ great land and NRs o W/ expansion (Indian Removal) and manufacturing, US NRs and $ increases
Relative peace after War 1812, US left alone space for rapid economic growth
Most Am. still rural, but mostly part of international market economy
Eve of the Civil War, industry can compete w/ EUR

B/t end of the War 1812 and CivW, US developing industry
MARKET REVOLUTION- is a process, “Era of Good Feeling” b/c only 1 political party o Away from agrarian selling goods, beg of modern commercial economic markets o Increase of tech: transportation and communication, this spurred truly a Rev. ▪ Better roads, a national road from MD to WV, canals, steamboat (Fulton’s Clermont was 1 st), 3,000 mi built ▪ NY builds Eerie Canal, then NY becomes premier port as canal causes cities to spring up ▪ RRs: (The Baltimore, the OH) 30,000 mi of track built ▪ Telegraphs when to expect shipments, word of how much $ to make ▪ Increase info, increase robust nature of markets ▪ FACTORIES: org. innovation to increase efficiency and production - Begin in the Northeast, and stretch to the Midwest o All required MASSIVE, UPFRONT CAPITAL INVESTMENT
Big business o 19C, state SCs supports competition o Fed Govt helped infrastructure, protected own interest
Market Rev. changed landscape work o Women worked in houses, housework then move Am.s going to work o Changed leisure time o Factories made it possible for more ppl to do work WOMEN (cheaper)
Factories, ppl. Work for WAGES, not on how much you produce o Undermined Am freedom…
MARKET REVOLUTION CHARACTERIZED BY 3 MAIN CHARACTERISTICS:
1] TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION
Am exports quintupled to UK during Napoleonic Wars
As exports increase, cost transportation increase which hinders economic development
ROADS: 1819 - 1820s: TURNPIKE ERA financed by TOLLS o Turnpikes slow, not effective: to go to Boston NY by land, 2 wk

Treaty-making Powers & Wars in American Expansion: War of 1812 to Chinese Immigration, Exams of Nursing

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AMERICA AND THE WORLD II: MIDTERM

STUDY PACKET 2024