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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
NO.
LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................i
LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................ii
SUMMARY ..............................................................................iii
1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................
2.0 DEFINITION .................................................................
3.0 HISTORY
3.1 Who found the acetic acid?...................................
3.2 How did this person find the acetic acid?.............
4.0 USES AREA OF ACETIC ACID ................................
4.1 In Industry............................................................
4.2 In Daily Life.........................................................
4.3 In Medicine...........................................................
4.4 In Foods................................................................
4.4.1 What foods have acetic acid?.....................
4.4.2 This foods how effect to our health?..........
5.0 PROPERTIES ...............................................................
5.1 Physical Properties...............................................
5.2 Chemical Properties.............................................
6.0 PRODUCTION .............................................................
6.1 Production............................................................
6.2 Chemical Reactions.............................................
7.0 CONCLUSION ..............................................................
SUMMARY
2.0 DEFINITION
WHAT IS THE ACETIC ACID?
Vinegar is a household essential often used for cooking, and it even helps unclog sinks. What chemical substance makes vinegar smell the way it does? Vinegar is actually a solution that is made of 4-8% of acetic acid that is dissolved in water and other substances that give vinegar its flavor depending on its type. Acetic acid, also known as ethanoic acid and methanecarboxylic acid, is a colorless liquid that has a strong and distinct pungent and sour smell. Its chemical formula is C 2 H 4 O 2 : it has two carbon (C) atoms, four hydrogen (H) atoms and two oxygen (O) atoms. Because it has a carbon in its chemical formula, it is an organic compound. Its chemical formula can be written multiple ways, as shown here: C 2 H 4 O 2 CH 3 COOH CH 3 CO 2 H Now that we know the chemical formula of acetic acid, let's talk about its chemical structure. Its chemical structure is shown in the following illustration. Here, we can see two ways to draw its chemical structure (see video). On the left (1), all the carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms and how they are bonded to each other are shown. On the right (2), instead of writing the carbon atom, it is represented by an edge or bend in the line, and the hydrogen atoms attached to the first carbon on the left are not shown. The chemical structure of carboxylic acid shows that the first carbon on the left has single bonds with three hydrogen atoms. The second carbon, on the other hand, has a double bond with the oxygen atom and is singly bonded with the first carbon and the - OH group. Let's take a closer look at the chemical structure of acid. Acetic acid is classified as a carboxylic acid. A carboxylic acid, shown as RCOOH, is a group of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group. Here, the R group in the carboxylic acid structure may contain one or more carbon and/or hydrogen atoms. A carboxyl group is the - COOH group boxed in red. Because acetic acid contains a carboxyl group as well, it is classified as a carboxylic acid. In fact, acetic acid is also known as the second simplest carboxylic acid. In the illustration, it also shows that the R group of acetic acid contains - CH 3. Acetic acid (CH 3 COOH), also called ethanoic acid, the most important of the carboxylic acids. A dilute (approximately 5 percent by volume) solution of
acetic acid produced by fermentation and oxidation of natural carbohydrates is called vinegar; a salt, ester, or acylal of acetic acid is called acetate. Industrially, acetic acid is used in the preparation of metal acetates, used in some printing processes; vinyl acetate, employed in the production of plastics; cellulose acetate, used in making photographic films and textiles; and volatile organic esters (such as ethyl and butyl acetates), widely used as solvents for resins, paints, and lacquers. Biologically, acetic acid is an important metabolic intermediate, and it occurs naturally in body fluids and in plant juices. Acetic acid has been prepared on an industrial scale by air oxidation of acetaldehyde, by oxidation of ethanol (ethyl alcohol), and by oxidation of butane and butene. Today acetic acid is manufactured by a process developed by the chemical company Monsanto in the 1960s; it involves a rhodium-iodine catalyzed carbonylation of methanol (methyl alcohol). Pure acetic acid, often called glacial acetic acid, is a corrosive, colourless liquid (boiling point 117.9 °C [244.2 °F]; melting point 16.6 °C [61.9 °F]) that is completely miscible with water. Acetic acid, CH3CO2H, colorless liquid that has a characteristic pungent odor, boils at 118°C, and is miscible with water in all proportions; it is a weak organic carboxylic acid (see carboxyl group). Glacial acetic acid is concentrated, 99.5% pure acetic acid; it solidifies at about 17°C to a crystalline mass resembling ice. Acetic acid is the major acid in vinegar; as such, it is widely used as a food preservative and condiment. For industrial use concentrated acetic acid is prepared from the oxidation of acetaldehyde. Acetic acid is also a product in the destructive distillation of wood. It reacts with other chemicals to form numerous compounds of commercial importance. These include cellulose acetate, used in making acetate rayon, nonflammable motion-picture film, lacquers, and plastics; various inorganic salts, e.g., lead, potassium, and copper acetates; and amyl, butyl, ethyl, methyl, and propyl acetates, which are used as solvents, chiefly in certain quick-drying lacquers and cements. Amyl acetate is sometimes called banana oil because it has a characteristic banana odor.
3.0 HISTORY
effective. The Iridium-catalyzed Cativa process was considered to be a greener and more efficient technology.
4.0 USES AREA OF ACETIC ACID
We must have heard about the different organic compounds which have some functional groups. The presence of functional group in the molecule imparts characteristic physical and chemical properties to molecule. Some common example of functional groups are – COOH, - OH, - CHO, >C=O etc. The carboxyl group that is – COOH forms carboxylic acid with general formula RCOOH. They are organic compounds with pungent smell and acidic nature due to presence of – COOH group in the molecule. First member of carboxylic acid is formic acid which is formulated as HCOOH. Since there is only one carbon atom therefore the IUPAC name of molecule would be methanoic acid. Next member of this series is acetic acid or ethanoic acid. The chemical formula of molecule is CH3COOH. Carboxylic acids are better known with their common names. For example; methanoic acid is found in red ants (Formica) so named as Formic acid. Similarly ethanoic acid can be extracted from acetum (a fruit) therefore named as acetic acid. Acetic acid is better known for its sour and pungent smell of vinegar in which acetic acid is present. Vinegar is 4 – 8% solution of acetic acid in water and mainly used as household essential for cooking and to unclog sinks. IUPAC name of acetic acid is ethanoic acid or methane carboxylic acid. The molecular formula is CH3COOH. It is a colorless liquid with a strong and distinct pungent and sour smell. The structural formula of molecule is shown below. The hydrogen atom of – COOH group is acidic in nature and can be release in the form of hydrogen ion. The acetic acid molecule converts into acetate ion with chemical formula CH3COO-. The acetate ion is stabilized due to delocalization of negative charge over two electronegative oxygen atoms. So acetic acid is acidic in nature due to;
- Formation of acetate ion
- Stabilization of acetate ion due to resonance It is weak carboxylic acid which cannot ionize completely in its solution so un-ionized molecules remain in equilibrium with acetate ions and hydrogen ions. Due to weak nature, acetic acid has many applications even in chemical industry and organic chemistry. It forms one of the most common buffer solutions with sodium acetate which exhibits resistance against change in pH for different reaction systems. Acetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid as it has one – COOH group. It is one of the most common organic reagents with various applications. It has different industrial applications and also involves in the preparation of different chemical compounds. 4.1 Acetic Acid Uses in Industry Acetic acid is one of the most common solvent for different industrial processes. It involves in manufacturing of various dye stuffs and perfumes. Acetic acid is used in manufacturing of rayon fibre, synthetic fibres and textiles. The acidic medium in the manufacturing of inks and dyes can be maintained with the help of acetic acid. It is also involved in manufacturing of rubber and plastic industries. It is also used in manufacturing of pesticides, wood glues and soft drinks bottles. For testing blood in clinical laboratory acetic acid is used. Acetic acid is also for the treatment of outer ear infections from the growth of fungus and bacteria. It is also used in film industry and food additives. It is a common food preservative and also used in medical industries, for household cleaning, health and hygiene and food flavoring. 4.2 Acetic Acid Uses in Daily Life Acetic acid is mainly used in the form of vinegar which is a dilute solution of it. Vinegar is widely used for cooking, cleaning, laundry and many other household uses. In the volcano science experiment, lava is produced by reaction of vinegar with baking soda and colour is due to red food color. Today different flavor of vinegar are available in market like balsamic vinegar, apple cider vinegar, red and white wine vinegar. There are many organic compounds and polymers like vinyl acetate, acetic anhydride, ester etc. Acetic acid is used for the production of vinyl acetate which is monomer for many polymers widely used for manufacturing of paints, adhesives, packaging, and more. Acetic acid is also used for the production of acetic anhydride which is main ingredient for the production of cellulose acetate. Cellulose acetate is used to make a cellulose acetate film, used in photography. You must be familiar with the fruity smell of esters in chocolates. Esters are mainly prepared from the reaction of acetic acid with alcohols. They are widely involved in the
CAS Number: 64 - 19 - 7 Chemical Formula: C 2 H 4 O 2 or CH 3 COOH Molar Mass: 60.05196 g State of Matter: colorless liquid Mass Percent: C 40.001 %; H 6.7137 %; O 53.285 % What are the properties of acetic acid? 1.Acidic character. 2.When dissolved in water, acetic acid undergoes dissociation to form hydrogen (H+) ion. Because of the release of a proton, acetic acid has an acidic character. It turns blue litmus paper red, indicating that it is acidic in nature. However, it is a weak acid because it does not dissociate completely in aqueous solution. 3.Reaction with sodium bicarbonate 4.Acetic acid reacts with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide. 5.On passing CO 2 gas through lime water, the lime water turns milky. The milky appearance of lime water is due to the formation of solid calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ).
5.1 PhysicaMelting Point: * l Properties of Acetic acid
Melting Point:* 16.6°C 9 = 289.75 K = 61.88°F Boiling Point:*
117.9°C 9 = 391.05 K = 244.22°F
Density (g/cm3): 1.0446 at 25°C 9
- 1 atm pressure BONDING: Double Bonds: 1 Triple Bonds: 0 Sigma Bonds: 7 Pi Bonds: 1 Total: 8 Carboxyl Groups: 1 Hydroxyl Groups: 0 Hybridization: carboxyl group carbon and oxygen are sp 2 ; other carbon and oxygen are sp 3 THERMOCHEMISTRY: ΔHf° (ℓ): - 115.71 kcal/mol 11 = - 484.13 kJ/mol ΔHf° (g): - 103.93 kcal/mol 11 = - 434.84 kJ/mol S° (ℓ): 38.2 cal/(mol•K) 12 = 159.83 J/(mol•K) S° (g): 67.52 cal/(mol•K) 12 = 282.50 J/(mol•K) ΔGf° (ℓ): - 93.2 kcal/mol 13 = - 389.95 kJ/mol ΔGf° (g): - 90.03 kcal/mol 13 = - 37 6.69 kJ/mol The heat of combustion is the amount of heat released when one mole of a substance undergoes combustion according to the general reaction equation: CxHyOz + 0.25(4x+y-2z) O 2 (g) → x CO 2 (g) + 0.5y H 2 O (ℓ)
5.2 Chemical Properties of Acetic acid
Acet ic acid is an organ ic compou nd w it h th e ch emical f ormu la CH3 COOH (also w ritt en as CH3CO2H or C2H4O2). It is a colourless liquid that when undiluted is also called glacial aceticacid.Acetic acid is the main component of vinegar (apart from water; vinegar is roughly 8% aceticacid b y vo lu me), an d h as a d ist in ct ive sou r t aste and pu n gent smell. Besid es it s p rodu ct ion as household vinegar, it is mainly produced as a precursor to polyvinylacetate and cellulose acetate.Although it is classified as a weak acid,
(Ethanal) Carboxylic acids such as acetic acid may also undergo molecular separation by hydrogen center ionization in a carboxyl group (-COOH) CH3CO2H - & gt; CH3CO
- H During the 1900's, the production of acetylene was carried out with the following reactions CaC2 + 2H2O - & gt; Ca (OH) 2 + C2H2 (acetylene) C2H2 + H2O - & gt; CH3CH = O (Acetaldehyde) CH3CH = O + 1 / 2O2 (Mn) - & gt; CH3COOH The oxide forms a passivating, acid-resistant film, because the aluminum tank is used to transport acetic acid. Metal acetates can also be prepared with acetic acid, with a suitable base, such as in the popular & quot; embossing dust + vinegar & quot; reaction: NaHCO3 + CH3COOH? CH3COONa + CO2 + H2 Acetic acid also acts in the formation of esters. Acetic Acid + Alcohol → Ester
6.2 Chemical Reactions:
When used as a reagent and industrial chemical it has the ability to form cellulose acetate, which creates photograph films and polyethylene terephthalate, which is used in plastic bottles. It creates water and metal ethanoate when it is formed with an alkali. When formed with carbonates it creates water and carbon dioxide. Acetic acid can be quite stable with normal conditions, but when exposed to extreme heat and sunlight, instability can occur. Also, when it is mixed with water, heat and toxic vapors are produced from the solution. If acetic
SOURSES OR WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY
WORKING BIBLIOGRAPHY PAGE
INTERNET SOURSES
https://study.com/academy/lesson/what-is-acetic-acid-uses-structure-formula.html https://www.britannica.com/science/acetic-acid http://chemistry.tutorvista.com/inorganic-chemistry/acetic-acid-uses.html#top http://www.encyclopedia.com/science-and-technology/chemistry/organic-chemistry/acetic-acid https://tr.scribd.com/document/200013745/Chemical-Properties-of-Acetic-Acid http://chemistry-reference.com/q_compounds.asp?CAS=64- 19 - 7
