III. TYPOLOGY OF LEARNERS WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
This section categorizes learners who require additional support due to various factors affecting their learning
process.
A. Learners with Intellectual Disability:
1. Cerebral Palsy (CP): A neurological disorder affecting movement and muscle coordination. It can
also impact other areas like vision, hearing, and speech.
Example: A student with CP may struggle with fine motor skills, making it difficult to hold a pencil or
write. They might benefit from adapted writing tools or technological aids.
2. Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome): A genetic condition resulting in intellectual disability, distinct facial
features, and potential health concerns.
Example: A student with Down Syndrome might have difficulty with short-term memory or following
complex instructions. Teachers can break down tasks into smaller steps and use visual aids to support
learning.
B. Learners with Learning Disabilities:
1. Dyslexia: Difficulty with reading fluency and comprehension due to processing issues.
Example: A student with dyslexia may struggle with decoding words, leading to slow reading and
difficulty understanding written material. Techniques like multisensory instruction and audiobooks can
be helpful.
2. Dysgraphia: Difficulty with written expression, including handwriting and written composition.
Example: A student with dysgraphia might have messy handwriting, trouble forming letters, or difficulty
expressing themselves in writing. Assistive devices and graphic organizers can provide support.
3. Dyscalculia: Difficulty with understanding and performing mathematical concepts.
Example: A student with dyscalculia may struggle with understanding math concepts, performing
calculations, or telling time. Manipulatives and visual representations of math problems can be
beneficial.
C. Learners with Physical Disabilities:
1. Visual Impairment: Difficulty seeing, ranging from partial blindness to complete vision loss.
Example: A student with visual impairment may need enlarged text, Braille materials, or screen-reading
software to access educational materials.
2. Hearing Impairment: Difficulty hearing, ranging from partial deafness to complete hearing loss.
Example: A student with hearing impairment might benefit from assistive listening devices, sign
language interpreters, or captioning on videos.
3. Speech Impairment: Difficulty producing clear and understandable speech.
Example: A student with a speech impairment may use communication aids like picture boards,
augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices, or sign language to express themselves.
4. Multiple Physical Impairment: A combination of two or more physical disabilities.
Example: A student with multiple physical impairments might require a combination of support strategies
depending on their specific needs. This could include adapted equipment, personalized learning plans, and
collaboration between different specialists.
D. Learners who are Gifted and Talented:
1. Visual Arts: Exceptional ability in visual art forms like painting, drawing, or sculpture.
