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348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct Detailed Answers.., Exams of Nursing

University of Buckingham (UB)Nursing

348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct Detailed Answers..

Typology: Exams

2024/2025

Available from 07/08/2025

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348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct
Detailed Answers.
Marathon runners primarily rely on anaerobic pathways for the needed energy.
A. True B. False - ANSWER- False
Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34%.
A. True B. False - ANSWER- True
During a single krebs cycle, ____ molecule(s) of NADH and ___
molecule(s) of FADH are produced.
A. 2.5, 1.5
B. 1.5, 2.5
C.3,1
D.1,3 - ANSWER- C. 3,1
When oxygen is sufficient, NADH produced in glycolysis is converted back to NAD+ by
__________.
A. converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid
B. "shuttling" H into the mitochondria - ANSWER- B. "shuttling" H into the mitochondria
Breakdown of ATP is an exergonic reaction.
A. True B. False - ANSWER- True
Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by ______ the energy of
activation
A. lowering B. increasing - ANSWER- A. lowering
Muscular contractions that occur during normal body movements are tetanic
contractions.
A. True B. False - ANSWER- True
________ skeletal muscle fibers have the lowest ATPase activity.
A.Type IIx
B.Type I
C.Type IIa
D.Type IIb - ANSWER- B. Type 1
Sarcolemma is the _________ of a skeletal muscle fiber
.A. cytoplasm
B. cell membrane
C. nucleus - ANSWER- B. cell membrane
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Download 348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct Detailed Answers.. and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity!

348 Exam #1 Questions With Correct

Detailed Answers.

Marathon runners primarily rely on anaerobic pathways for the needed energy. A. True B. False - ANSWER- False Overall efficiency of aerobic respiration is 34%. A. True B. False - ANSWER- True During a single krebs cycle, ____ molecule(s) of NADH and ___ molecule(s) of FADH are produced. A. 2.5, 1. B. 1.5, 2. C.3, D.1,3 - ANSWER- C. 3, When oxygen is sufficient, NADH produced in glycolysis is converted back to NAD+ by __________. A. converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid B. "shuttling" H into the mitochondria - ANSWER- B. "shuttling" H into the mitochondria Breakdown of ATP is an exergonic reaction. A. True B. False - ANSWER- True Enzymes are catalysts that increase the rate of reactions by ______ the energy of activation A. lowering B. increasing - ANSWER- A. lowering Muscular contractions that occur during normal body movements are tetanic contractions. A. True B. False - ANSWER- True ________ skeletal muscle fibers have the lowest ATPase activity. A.Type IIx B.Type I C.Type IIa D.Type IIb - ANSWER- B. Type 1 Sarcolemma is the _________ of a skeletal muscle fiber .A. cytoplasm B. cell membrane C. nucleus - ANSWER- B. cell membrane

Which list is in correct order? A. Wholemuscle Fascicles Musclefibers Myofibrils Sarcomeres Actin&myosin proteins B. Wholemuscle Fascicles Myofibrils Musclefibers Sarcomeres Actin&myosin proteins - ANSWER- A. Which list on the next slide has the structure of skeletal muscles in the correct order from largest to smallest structures? - ANSWER- Sarcolemma, Myofibril, Sarcomere, Myofilament Not all neurotransmitters are excitatory. A. True B. False - ANSWER- True At rest, a neuron is polarized because the inside of a neuron is ______ charged relative to the outside. A. negatively B. positively - ANSWER- negatively Quizzes can be made up as long as they are excused ones. A. True B. False - ANSWER- False The term homeostasis is defined as ____. A. a change within the internal environment B. the maintenance of a constant internal environment C. a low metabolic rate - ANSWER- B. the maintenance of a constant internal environment homeostasis - ANSWER- normal resting conditions= relatively constant and "normal" internal environment steady state - ANSWER- physiological variable is unchanging, but not necessarily "normal"; balance between demands placed on body and the body's response to those demands. Ex: body temp, arterial blood pressure Body temperature reaches a _______ when at a steady state - ANSWER- plateau

irritability - ANSWER- ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it to a neural impulse conductivity - ANSWER- transmission of the impulse along the axon resting membrane potential- negative charge inside cells at rest - ANSWER- - 5 to - 100 mv

  • 40 to - 75 mv in neurons resting membrane potential is determined by: - ANSWER- - Permeability of plasma membrane to ions
  • Difference in ion concentrations across membrane • Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca++ resting membrane potential is maintained by sodium-potassium pump: - ANSWER- - Potassium tends to diffuse out of cell
  • Na+/K+ pump moves 2 K+ in and 3 Na+ out action potential occurs when a stimulus or sufficient strength ______ the cell - ANSWER- depolarizes- opens Na+ channels, and Na+ diffuses into the cell (inside becomes more positive) Repolarization - ANSWER- Return to resting membrane potential K+ leaves the cell rapidly Na+ channels close all or none law - ANSWER- once a nerve impulse is initiated, it will travel the length of the neuron synapse - ANSWER- small gap between presynaptic neuron and postsynaptic neuron neurotransmitter - ANSWER- - chemical messenger released from presynaptic membrane
  • binds to receptor on postsynaptic membrane
  • causes depolarization of postsynaptic membrane what is the main neurotransmitter that allows the nervous system to communicate with the muscular system - ANSWER- acetylcholine somatic motor portion of the PNS - ANSWER- - Responsible for carrying neural messages from spinal cord to skeletal muscles somatic motor function: motor unit - ANSWER- - Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates somatic motor function innervation ratio - ANSWER- - Number of muscle fibers per motor neuron
  • Low ratio in muscles that require fine motor control
  • 23/1 in extraocular muscles - Higher ratio in other muscles
  • 1,000/1 or greater in large muscles Autonomic Nervous System - ANSWER- - responsible for maintaining internal environment
  • sympathetic division
  • parasympathetic division sympathetic division (fight or flight) - ANSWER- - Releases norepinephrine (NE)
  • Excites an effector organ
  • after stimulation, NE is removed from synapse or inactivated parasympathetic division (rest and digest) - ANSWER- - Releases acetylcholine (ACh)
  • Inhibits effector organ
  • After stimulation, ACh is degraded by acetylcholinesterase human body contains over _____ skeletal muscles and it's ____ to ___% of total body weight - ANSWER- 600; 40-50% functions of skeletal muscle - ANSWER- - Force production for locomotion and breathing
  • Force production for postural support
  • Heat production during cold stress
  • Endocrine organ myofibrils - ANSWER- contain contractile proteins (actin and myosin) sarcomere - ANSWER- Includes Z line, M line, H zone, A band, I band sarcoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER- - storage sites for calcium
  • terminal cisternae transverse tubules - ANSWER- extend from sarcolemma to sarcoplasmic reticulum satellite cells - ANSWER- - play a role in muscle growth and repair
  • myonuclear domain
  • more nuclei allow for greater protein synthesis
  • important for adaptations to strength training neuromuscular junction - ANSWER- - junction between motor neuron and muscle fiber
  • motor end plate
  • neuromuscular cleft
  • acetylcholine is released from the motor neuron motor end plate - ANSWER- pocket formed around motor neuron by sarcolemma

oxidative capacity - ANSWER- number of capillaries, mitochondria, and amount of myoglobin contractile properties of muscle - ANSWER- • Maximal force production- Force per unit of cross-sectional area

  • Speed of contraction (Vmax) - Myosin ATPase activity
  • Maximal power output- High force, fast fibers have high power output
  • Muscle fiber efficiency- Lower amount of ATP used to generate force fiber types: nonathletes - ANSWER- 50% slow fibers 50% fast fibers fiber types: power athletes - ANSWER- high percentage of fast fibers fiber types: endurance athletes - ANSWER- high percentage of slow fibers muscle twitch - ANSWER- contraction as the result of a single stimulus speed of shortening is greater in - ANSWER- fast fibers isometric - ANSWER- - muscle exerts force without changing length
  • pulling against immovable object
  • postural muscles dynamic (isotonic) - ANSWER- concentric and eccentric concentric - ANSWER- muscle shortens during force production eccentric - ANSWER- - muscle produces force but length increases
  • associated with muscle fiber injury and soreness Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body: - ANSWER- metabolism Synthesis of molecules: - ANSWER- anabolic reactions Breakdown of molecules: - ANSWER- catabolic reactions Converting foodstuffs (fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into energy: - ANSWER- bioenergetics Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment: - ANSWER- cell membrane (sarcolemma in muscle) Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis: - ANSWER- Nucleus Cytoplasm - ANSWER- - Fluid portion of cell
  • Contains organelles • Mitochondria

endergonic reactions - ANSWER- - Require energy to be added - Endothermic exergonic reactions - ANSWER- - Release energy

  • Exothermic Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction: - ANSWER- coupled reactions Oxidation - ANSWER- - Removing an electron
  • Does not mean oxygen participates in the reaction!!! Reduction - ANSWER- - Addition of an electron Which reactions are always coupled reactions? - ANSWER- Oxidation and reduction Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) - ANSWER- - Oxidized form: NAD+- Reduced form: NADH (high energy form) Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) - ANSWER- - Oxidized form: FAD
  • Reduced form: FADH2 (high energy form) What plays an important role in transfer of electrons? - ANSWER- NAD and FAD Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions - ANSWER- - Lower the energy of activation Factors that regulate enzyme activity - ANSWER- - Temperature
  • pH Interact with specific substrates - ANSWER- - lock and key model Almost all enzyme names end in: - ANSWER- - ase Kinases - ANSWER- - add a phosphate group Dehydrogenases - ANSWER- - remove hydrogen atoms Oxidases - ANSWER- - Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions involving oxygen Isomerases - ANSWER- - Rearrangement of the structure of molecules Temperature - ANSWER- - Small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity
  • Exercise results in increased body temperature

Formation of ATP - ANSWER- - Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown

  • Degradation of glucose or glycogen • Glycolysis
  • Oxidative formation of ATP Anaerobic pathways - ANSWER- - Do not involve O2- PC breakdown and glycolysis Aerobic pathways - ANSWER- - Require O
  • Oxidative phosphorylation ATP-PC system, or the "phosphagen system." - ANSWER- provides energy for muscular contraction at the onset of exercise and during short-term, high-intensity exercise Depletion of PC may limit what? - ANSWER- short-term, high intensity exercise Creatine monohydrate supplementation - ANSWER- - Increased muscle PC stores
  • Some studies show improved performance in short-term, high-intensity exercise
  • Increased strength and fat-free mass with resistance training An anaerobic pathway - ANSWER- does not utilize O Glycolysis - ANSWER- Occurs in the sarcoplasm in Glycolysis, Glucose makes - ANSWER- 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate energy investment phase - ANSWER- - Requires 2 ATP energy generation phase - ANSWER- - Produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate Lactate is the conjugate base of? - ANSWER- lactic acid Lactic acid is produced in glycolysis - ANSWER- - Rapidly disassociates to lactate and H+ Hydrogen and electron carrier molecules Transport hydrogens and associated electrons
  • ANSWER- - To mitochondria for ATP generation (aerobic)
  • To convert pyruvic acid to lactic acid (anaerobic) NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to NAD+ - ANSWER- - By converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid (anaerobic)
  • By "shuttling" H into the mitochondria (aerobic A specific transport system shuttles H across the mitochondrial membrane - ANSWER-
  • Located in the mitochondrial membrane

Aerobic ATP production - ANSWER- Occurs inside the mitochondria Aerobic ATP production Involves the interaction of two cooperating metabolic pathways

  • ANSWER- - Krebs cycle, also called:
  • citric acid cycle
  • tricarboxylic acid cycle • TCA cycle
  • Electron transport chain Entry into the Krebs cycle requires preparation of a: - ANSWER- two-carbon molecule, acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is a key molecule in: - ANSWER- aerobic ATP production, from carbs, fats and protein The primary function of the Krebs cycle is: - ANSWER- to complete the oxidation (hydrogen removal) of carbohydrates, fats, or proteins using NAD+ and FAD as hydrogen (energy) carriers. The importance of hydrogen removal is that: - ANSWER- hydrogens (by virtue of the electrons that they possess) contain the potential energy in the food molecules. This energy can be used in the electron transport chain to combine ADP + Pi to reform ATP. Krebs cycle - ANSWER- - Pyruvic acid (3C) is converted to acetyl-CoA (2C)
  • CO2 is given off
  • Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to form citrate (6C)
  • Citrate is metabolized to oxaloacetate • Two CO2 molecules given off
  • Produces three molecules of NADH and one FADH
  • Also forms one molecule of GTP • Produces one ATP For every molecule of glucose entering glycolysis, two molecules of pyruvate are formed, and in the presence of O2, they are converted to two molecules of acetyl-CoA. This means that each molecule of glucose results in two turns of the Krebs cycle. - ANSWER- !!!! Electron transport chain - ANSWER- - Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria
  • Electrons removed from NADH and FADH are passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes) to produce ATP
  • Each NADH produces 2.5 ATP • Each FADH produces 1.5 ATP
  • Called the chemiosmotic hypothesis
  • H+ from NADH and FADH are accepted by O2 to form water Electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane - ANSWER- - Results in H+ gradient across membrane One mole of ATP has energy yield of - ANSWER- 7.3 kcal

At the onset of exercise - ANSWER- - aerobic metabolism is not fully activated

  • anaerobic energy systems contribute at ATP production
  • A mixture of several bioenergetic pathways used to produce ATP Trained subjects have a lower - ANSWER- oxygen deficit Trained subjects aerobic ATP production is active earlier - ANSWER- - Better- developed aerobic bioenergetic capacity
  • Cardiovascular or muscular adaptations Trained subjects result in less production of - ANSWER- lactate and H+ Oxygen uptake remains elevated above rest into - ANSWER- recovery Oxygen debt - ANSWER- - Term used by A.V. Hill
  • Repayment for O2 deficit at onset of exercise Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) - ANSWER- - Terminology reflects that only ~20% elevated O2 consumption used to "repay" O2 deficit "Rapid" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Resynthesis of stored PC
  • Replenishing muscle and blood O2 stores "slow" portion of O2 debt - ANSWER- - Elevated heart rate and breathing = energy need
  • Elevated body temperature = metabolic rate
  • Elevated epinephrine and norepinephrine = metabolic rate
  • Conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogenesis) First 1 - 5 seconds of exercise - ANSWER- - ATP through ATP-PC system Intense exercise longer than 5 seconds - ANSWER- - Shift to ATP production via glycolysis Events lasting longer than 45 seconds - ANSWER- - ATP production through ATP-PC, glycolysis, and aerobic systems
  • 70% anaerobic/30% aerobic at 60 seconds
  • 50% anaerobic/50% aerobic lasting 2-3 minutes Prolonged exercise (>10 min) - ANSWER- - ATP production primarily from aerobic metabolism
  • Steady-state oxygen uptake can generally be maintained during submaximal exercise Prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment or at high intensity (75% VO2 max) - ANSWER- - Upward drift in oxygen uptake over time
  • A steady state is not obtained
  • Due to increasing body temperature and rising blood epinephrine and norepinephrine Oxygen uptake increases linearly until maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is reached - ANSWER- - No further increase in VO2 with increasing work rate VO2 max - ANSWER- - "Physiological ceiling" for delivery of O2 to muscle
  • Affected by genetics and training Physiological factors influencing VO2 max - ANSWER- - Maximum ability of cardiorespiratory system to deliver oxygen to the muscle
  • Ability of muscles to use oxygen and produce ATP aerobically The point at which blood lactic acid rises systematically during incremental exercise - ANSWER- - Appears at ~50-60% VO2 max in untrained subjects
  • At higher work rates (65-80% VO2 max) in trained subjects Lactate threshold is also called - ANSWER- - Anaerobic threshold
  • Onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) • Blood lactate levels reach 4 mmol/L Explanations for lactate threshold: - ANSWER- Lowmuscleoxygen(hypoxia)
  • Acceleratedglycolysis
  • NADH produced faster than it is shuttled into mitochondria
  • Excess NADH in cytoplasm converts pyruvic acid to lactic acid
  • Recruitment of fast-twitch muscle fibers
  • LDH isozyme in fast fibers promotes lactic acid formation
  • Reduced rate of lactate removal from the blood Fast fibers: - ANSWER- LDH isozyme promotes lactate formation Slow fibers - ANSWER- LDH isozyme promotes pyruvate formation As exercise intensity increases, more fast fibers are recruited - ANSWER- increased lactate production Prediction of performance - ANSWER- combined w/ VO2 max Planning training programs - ANSWER- - marker of training intensity
  • choose a training HR based on LT